QuiteContrary, on 01 December 2012 - 02:30 AM, said:
Yes, I certainly am not speaking from the experience of being a part of the scientific community, and I know that.
But for me, I can't just ignore the skepticism in the scientific community either and blame it on politics or any number of other possibilities, other than scientific reasoning itself.
I had worked in the pharmaceutical research industry for several years, being involved with the animal care and test article administration, the quality assurance inspections to the study report preparations, as well as communicating with the study directors and various sponsors. My knowledge is that when submitting a pharmacological report to the FDA for approval, the length of time for it to be reviewed, and hopefully approved, can depend more on the person assigned to the reviewing then the contents of the report itself. There is an 'old boys network' present, and a fair amount of back scratching. The same identical report may be submitted more then once, be rejected for several reasons by one reviewer, and be accepted with no concerns by another. Actually this should raise concerns about the entire pharmaceutical development industry.
One example of how the peer review process is not as unbiased as it should be, is with the publications of João Magueijo's theories of a variable speed of light. I am not going to discuss his theories, but do want to describe the process he and his associate went through in order to get the theory published.
Before I do, João Magueijo and Andreas Albrecht are both by every definition fully credentialed scholars. Magueijo performed graduate work and earned his Ph.D. at Cambridge, awarded a research fellowship at St. John's College, Cambridge, and then a Royal Society research fellowship and currently teaches at Imperial College London. Andreas Albrecht did his Ph.D. at University of Texas and the Los Alamos National Laboratory, worked at Fermilab and also taught at Imperial College London. He is also a Fellow of the American Physical Society and Fellow of the Institute of Physics.
Most of what I have here is from his book,
Faster than a Speed of Light (2003), and I will cite the pages where I draw quotes or information.
João Magueijo says in his book, that "...the scientific process for what it really is - rigorous, competitive, emotional, and argumentative."[pg 9]
Before a paper is accepted for publication, it must undergo a peer review process. The editor of any respectable journal will choose an anonymous and hopefully independent referee, who is asked to study the paper and write a report on it. Based on the report, the editor must then decide if the paper should be published or rejected, or if changes are required. There has been much debate over whether or not this quality control system works, but for the moment it is here to stay, and certainly leaves room for abuse.[pg 183]
Magueijo and Albrecht decided to submit a paper of their theory to
Physical Review D in November 1997, and prior to this paper, Magueijo notes that all of his submissions to this journal had been accepted in a few weeks. The referee's report stated that their approach was unprofessional, but contained no scientific content to refute their arguments in the paper. Albrecht seen innuendos in the report, and guessed the identity of the referee as an arch-rival from his earlier days of developing a theory of his on inflation. Eventually after replies and counter-replies, everyone was accusing everyone else of behaving irrationally, and other referees were consulted, but no one wanted to side with anyone, less get caught in the crossfire. Finally the editor had to step in and act as referee himself. Magueijo also states that "In case you think that *****ing is all there is to these refereeing battles, let me disabuse you by noting that there can frequently be up to 1 percent scientific substance in these reports."[pg 185-186]
During this referee battle, Magueijo decided to distribute copies of their paper to a limited number of people, one of which was John Barrow, who also had worked with varying constant theories. Barrow also submitted a paper on the theory, crediting Maguijo and Albrecht, and then assisted them in what he referred to as "the reeducation of the PRD editor" which took months.[pg 197] At one point the editor visited Imperial College London, where both Maguijo and Albrecht were teaching, and what began as a polite scientific argument rapidly deteriorated into mayhem.[pg 202] By winter of 1998, their original paper was still going through a peer review process, while the paper written with Barrow, submitted a year later, had already been accepted within weeks with a very positive review.[pg 206] Their paper was eventually published in early 1999, over a year after its initial submission.
Again, no intention of discussing the theory, but having read the book, it stands out as an example of what sometimes goes on behind a peer review process. Magueijo even described it as a lottery on one occasion.[pg 206]
A. Albrecht, J. Magueijo. (1999) "A time varying speed of light as a solution to cosmological puzzles."
Physical Review D
J.D. Barrow. (1998) "Cosmologies with Varying Light-Speed."
Physical Review D
We see things only as we are constructed to see them, and can gain no idea of their absolute nature.
With five feeble senses we pretend to comprehend the boundlessly complex cosmos. - H.P. Lovecraft, "From Beyond" Published 1934