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Troy Asia Minor Greece


KillCarneyKlansman

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http://www.publicbookshelf.com/public_html/The_Story_of_the_Greatest_Nations_and_the_Worlds_Famous_Events_Vol_1/spartaan_bef.html

Sparta gradually became the most powerful of the little states of the Greek mainland, the centre of the Dorian power, which at first had seemed to lie with Argos ... This supremacy of the Spartans was largely due to their great law-giver, Lycurgus, who lived about 885 B.C. He was a king of Sparta who succeeded his brother on the throne ... He studied everywhere the system of government, seeking to find some way of preventing the outbreaks and street tumults which were so frequent among the Spartans.

When his little nephew had grown to manhood and full kingship, Lycurgus returned home, only to find his countrymen more turbulent than ever. So he planned a revolution of his own, gathering to his aid thirty of the wisest and most respected men of Sparta. The thirty appeared suddenly with drawn swords in the market place, the centre of the city's life. There they forced all the officials to submit to them. The young king, thinking he was to be slain, fled; but Lycurgus persuaded him that he was to be helped, not harmed, and he returned. A system was established by which Sparta was to have two kings and to be ruled by them and by a senate of twenty-eight advisers. These were the thirty supporters of Lycurgus, lacking two who had lost courage and deserted him at the last. Everything the kings and senate did was to be submitted for approval to a general gathering of the people, so that really this was to be a people's government at heart.

Lycurgus then established a whole system of laws, planned to make his people peaceable at home but powerful abroad. At any rate, Lycurgus got his people to adopt his laws on trial. He then set out on a religious pilgrimage to the oracle at Delphi. The Spartans took a solemn oath to follow his laws until his return, and as a way of binding them to their pledge forever, he never returned. Going for the second time into voluntary exile for the sake of his country, Lycurgus died there. Thus the Spartans felt themselves pledged forever to his law code, and they obeyed this with a scrupulous fidelity which brought them not only the peace which their great law-giver had desired, but also the military prowess which made them the most successful and admired of the Greeks. "We will not change the laws of Sparta" became the regular form of answer with which the Spartan senate of later days met many a petitioner bringing every possible form of suggestion.

They forbade every form of ostentation and display. To prevent this they made all their money of iron; thus each coin was so big and yet of so little value that no one could carry much, or buy much with it, or hoard it up in secret. Any large sum would have filled an entire house. Neither were the people allowed any pampering of their appetites. The men and boys all ate at a common table; the women and girls usually at another in another building. The food supplied was plain but wholesome.

The Spartans did little work except this constant training for athletics and for war. There dwelt among them many of the Greeks of older race, and these tilled the farms and shared the produce with their Dorian rulers. The Spartans had also one special kind of Grecian servitors whom they called "Helots." These helots were treated as slaves, or even worse. When they grew too numerous and desperate, the Spartan youths acquired training in the art of war by going out among the helots and slaying such of them as seemed most dangerous.

In the great national games of Greece, the Spartans were also leaders. Way back in the Trojan war days the Greeks had been very fond of athletic sports, and gradually they established one set of games after another throughout Greece. Most celebrated of these were the "Olympic Games." These were celebrated every fourth year as a religious festival in honor of Jupiter, the great god of Mount Olympus. So important were these considered that the Greeks dated events by them, naming each four years by the victor in the chief contest, which was a running race. So ancient were the Olympic games that we cannot tell when they were first established; but the Greeks began to keep regular record of them in the year 776 B.C. Hence we call that year the "first Olympiad," and from that time onward by noting in what "Olympiad" any event was said to occur we can count up the Olympiads and learn the real date of the event.

This leadership of Sparta both in war and in play was, you may be sure, neither easily won nor easily maintained. Wars between her and the two other great Dorian cities, Argos and Messene, were frequent. Against Messene in particular Sparta fought two celebrated wars, the first terminating in 724 B.C., and the second about 668 B.C. The Spartan race became noted for their abruptness and their pithy sayings. Phrases in their style, since the name of the country of Sparta was Laconia, are still called "laconic" speeches.

In the Caucasus, the earlier culture of Kura-Araxes gives way to the Trialeti culture, known for its particular form of burial. Large mounds with extensive underground graves contain bronze weapons, tools, and unique artifacts in gold and silver.

http://metmuseum.org/toah/ht/?period=03&region=waa

http://metmuseum.org/toah/ht/?period=04&region=waa

In Anatolia, the first millennium B.C. begins in a period of disruption and decentralization: new states form and regroup. Greek colonies are established in southern and western Anatolia and, later, on the Black Sea coasts. By the late eighth century B.C., the Neo-Assyrian empire, with its capital cities in Mesopotamia, confronts small kingdoms in both Anatolia and the Southern Caucasus, including Urartu, Phrygia, and (later) Lydia.

Edited by KillCarneyKlansman
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http://www.balkanmysteries.com/?p=296

Ancient well – a telescope at GARLO village Posted on April 1, 2010 by admin

The well is a sophisticated device, it is buld on the east side of the hill surrounding the dam. The long axis of the well is oriented north-south. The entrance to the underground chamber is located east. The first nine stairs are in open air, the next 15 are underground. The stair leads to a underground vaulted round circular chamber. On the top of the vault there is an circular hole to the sky.

The construction of the entire site is performed with big chiselled stones (sandstones) with irregular shape. The aim was to achieve drywall using stone and earth. The floor of the chamber and the vault of the tunnel leading to it have been covered with trapezoidal stone plates. They have been placed in a radial system starting from the circle of the well. Placed so, they support the structure of the well and even the surface of the floor. The ancient builders have constructed carefully the stairs using big sandstones.

The whole structure is magnificent in its size and building sophistication. We, the people of ХХІ century could be only astounded with the knowledge and experience of ancient architects and builders. Using basic materials like stone they have managed to construct this unique complex device without any plaster or lime. It has endured more than three thousand years and still exists in a good condition.

The device and its function as a well – telescope is analogical to contemporary reflector telescopes used for scientific purposes in observatories. The observed object (star or constellation) you can see through the sky opening in the upper part of the chamber. On the bottom of the chamber just bellow the sky opening there used to parabolic metal mirror made from copper, silver and gold. It is possible that the mirror was submerged in the water. The observed object in the sky was reflected in the mirror while the astronomer has performed his scientific calculations on the radial platform. From the platform the priest-astronomer has conveniently used his science techniques, has installed his calculation tools and has predicted the location and movement of celestial objects throughout the year.

Similar wells we can find also in:

- Keos Island, Greece

- The Greek colony of Pantikapei, the ??? Peninsula nowadays

- Tunis

- Island Sardinia, the wells are around 100 there

Edited by KillCarneyKlansman
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kea_(island)

Kea also known as Gia or Tzia, Zea, and, in Antiquity, Keos (Latin: Ceos), is an island of the Cyclades archipelago, in the Aegean Sea, in Greece. Its capital, Ioulis, is inland at a high altitude (like most ancient Cycladic settlements, for the fear of pirates) and is considered quite picturesque.

Kea is the location of a Bronze Age settlement at the site now called Ayia Irini, which reached its height in the Late Minoan and Early Mycenaean eras (1600-1400 BCE). The inhabitants were known for offering sacrifices to the Dog Star Sirius and Zeus to bring cooling breezes while awaiting for the reappearance of Sirius in summer; if the star rose clear, it would portend good fortune; if it was misty or faint then it foretold (or emanated) pestilence. Coins retrieved from the island from the 3rd century BC feature dogs or stars with emanating rays, highlighting Sirius' importance.

http://www.greektravel.com/greekislands/kea/history.html

Kea is the ancient Hydrossa, home of the nymphs who lived near the many springs and fountains which kept the island lush during pre-historic times. These nymphs were chased off the island by a fierce lion and from this point on the island became dry and less-fertile and ruled by the star Sirius. The inhabitants appealed to the semi-god Aristaios, son of Apollo and the nymph Kyrini who rescued the island. The highest point on the island was designated as a sanctuary to the rain-god Ikmaios Zeus and from then on things got better. It is believed that these myths predate those of the Olympian Gods.

A cemetery and settlement found on the peninsula of Kefala between Otzias and Agias Nikolaos dated around 3300 BC is the first example of systematic burial in the entire Aegean. Another settlement at Agia Irini dates to the third millennium and flourished for 1500 years. By 2000 BC this settlement was fortified and the island became more Minoan as it became a link between Crete and Mycenaean due to the size and safety of its harbor. The town was destroyed at around 1500 BC and from that point on the settlement of Korissa, the current port, became more important. From the 12th Century the island was colonized by Ionians from the mainland and known as Keos.

After around 360 the four cities formed a federation with a common parliament and this state peaked in the 5th century BC. During this period Keos gave the ancient Greek civilization such renown personalities as Bachylides, the great lyric poet, Xenomides, the historian of myths and traditions, Pythokleides, the sophist and music teacher whose most famous pupil was Perikles, and Prodicos, who with Protagoras was considered the father of linguistics and philology. During this period the God Apollo was venerated and the temple of Pythios Apollo at Karthea was praised by Pindaros and famous throughout Greece.

http://www.museum.com.ua/en/istor/sev-vost/sev-vost.htm

The Bosporos State - is the largest Greek state formation on the territory of the North Black Sea Coast. It was situated on the both beaches of Bosporos Kimmeric (nowadays Kerchensky channel) and also occupied the vast territory of the Eastern Crimea, Kerchensky and Tamansky peninsulas with the adjoining territory down to the foothills of the Northern Caucasus.

Six periods can be marked out in the history of the Bosporos state, connected with the events of the political life of Bosporos:

1. Formation of the state - VI BC - 480 BC;

2. The government of Archianaktids - 480 BC - 438/437 years BC;

3. The government of Spartokhids - 438/437 years BC -109 BC;

4. Bosporos under the power of Mithradates VI Eupator and Rome - II BC -I AD;

5. Bosporos in the first centuries AD;

6. The decay of the Bosporos state - the middle of III - the end of IV AD.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerch

Archeological digs at Mayak village near the city ascertained that the area had already been inhabited in 17th–15th centuries BC. Kerch as a city starts its history in 7th century BC, when Greek colonists from Miletus founded a city-state named Panticapaeum on Mount Mithridat near the mouth of the Melek-Chesme river. Panticapaeum subdued nearby cities and by 480 BC became a capital of the Kingdom of Bosporus. Later, during the rule of Mithradates VI Eupator, Panticapaeum for a short period of time became the capital of much more powerful and extensive Kingdom of Pontus.

The city located at the intersection of trade routes between the steppe and Europe grew rapidly. The city's main exports were grain and salted fish, wine-making was also common. Panticapaeum minted its own coins. According to a few extant documents the Melek-Chesme river (small and shallow nowadays) was navigable in the Bosporan times, and sea galleys were able to enter the river. A large portion of the city's population was ethnically Scythian, later Sarmatian.

http://www.ciaosardinia.com/eng/sardinia/archaeology/sacred-wells

http://www.ciaosardinia.com/eng/sardinia/what-to-do/culture/nuraghi-and-archaeology/sacred-wells/paulilatino/santa-cristina-sacred-well

LOCATION: Santa Cristina archaeological site is located on a basaltic plateau near Abbasanta, in the west-central Sardinia.

PERIOD: Nuragic period - Late Bronze Age (between IX and XI century B.C )

Sacred Wells had initially a circular compound wall, like Su Tempiesu holy well. Why does the moon light reflect in the well every 18 years and 6 months between December and the beginning of January? Is it only an incredible coincidence? Or did the well wall have a perpendicular opening on the top? Enigmas of the nuragic culture; fascinating mysteries with no solution. Another enigma: In the past, during vernal and autumnal equinoxes, the sun shone down the steps through the hole in the stone construction over the well. It happened when the earth's axis was tilted and Rigel Kent (even called Alfa Centauri, the closest star of the system) was visible from the island. The sun and the moon, one more together, relate to the nuragic sites.

The basalt holy well consists (as the other sardinian and nuragic holy wells) of a foyer, a descending stone staircase and an elliptical wall (tholos) which encloses the source. The well water still runs through the extremely fine and tight fit of the blocks during the winter and spring. The 25 steps are covered by a tholos style ceiling. The one hectare archaeological site consists of a big and circular basalt hut, the so-called “capanna delle riunioni” (the hut where meetings took place) with a big stone seat inside. One-tower nuraghe is located in the south-west part, surrounded by several well-mantained huts which date back to different periods.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuraghe

According to the Oxford English Dictionary the etymology is "uncertain and disputed": "The word is perhaps related to the Sardinian place names Nurra, Nurri, Nurru, and to Sardinian nurra heap of stones, cavity in earth (although these senses are difficult to reconcile). A connection with the Semitic base of Arabic nūr light, fire ... is now generally rejected." [Huh, LOL]

The typical nuraghe is situated in a panoramic spot and has the shape of a truncated conical tower resembling a beehive. The nuraghes were built between the middle of the Bronze Age (18th-15th centuries BC) and the Late Bronze Age. Many were in continuous use from their erection until Rome entered Sardinia in the (2nd century BC),

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuragic_civilization

Remains from this period include more than 2,400 hypogeum tombs called Domus de Janas, the 4th millennium BC statue menhirs representing warriors or female figures, and the stepped pyramid of Monte d'Accoddi, near Sassari, which has some similarities with the monumental complex of Los Millares (Andalusia) and the later Talaiots in the Balearic Islands. According to some scholars, the similarity between this structure and Mesopotamian ones is due to migrations, especially of Sumerian people, to the Western Mediterranean.

The first verifiable smelting slag has come to light; its appearance in a hoard of ancient tin confirms local smelting as well as casting. The usually cited tin sources and trade in ancient times are those in the Iberian Peninsula or from Cornwall. Markets included civilizations living in regions with poor metal resources, such as the Mycenaean civilization, Cyprus and Crete, as well as the Iberian peninsula, a fact that can explain the cultural similarities between them and the Nuraghe civilization and the presence in Nuragic sites of late Bronze Age Mycenaean, west and central Cretan and Cypriote ceramics, as well as locally-made replicas, concentrated in half a dozen findspots that seem to have functioned as "gateway-communities.

The late Bronze Age (15th-13th centuries BC) saw a vast migration of the so-called sea people, described in ancient Egyptian sources. They destroyed Mycenaean and Hittite sites and also attacked Egypt. According to some scholars the Sherden, one of the most important tribes of the sea peoples, are to be identified with the Nuragic Sardinians.

A lost work by Simonides of Ceos reported by Zenobius, spoke of raids by Sardinians against the island of Crete, in the same period in which the Sea People invaded Egypt. This would at least confirm that Nuragic Sardinians frequented the eastern Mediterranean Sea. Recently the archaeologist Adam Zertal,echoing the theory already presented in 2005 by Leonardo Melis, has proposed that the Harosheth Haggoyim of Israel ,home of the biblical figure Sisera, is identifiable with the site of "El-Ahwat" and that it was a Nuragic site suggesting that he came from the people of the Sherden of Sardinia.

The so-called "giant's graves" were funerary structures whose precise function is still unknown, and which perhaps evolved from elongated dolmens. They date to the whole Nuragic era up to the Iron Age, and are more frequent in the central sector of the island. Their plan was in the shape of the head of a bull.

I Added these at the End, they may have significance? I did search Cornwall.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Well_Hill

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunton_Green

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crockenhill

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ide_Hill

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sevenoaks

I had pictures links but I had to delete them.

Edited by KillCarneyKlansman
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