The Russians have been proposing a return to the Moon for a few years now. For anyone interested in previous topics on this I will provide a list at the end of this post.
Russia has unfinished business on the Moon. The real Moon conspiracy was Russian and it was the fact that they attempted to hide the fact that they had ever been in a race with the USA. In fact they spent billions of Rubles on a manned lunar programme which ultimately ended in failure. As early as 1959 the Chief Designer, Sergei Korolev, proposed a huge new launcher, the N1, this was to be the Soviet equivalent of the Saturn V. However the N1 was never successfully launched, failing in 11 four attempted flights, the longest only lasting 107 seconds. The Soviet manned lunar programme was finally cancelled in 1974, nearly 2 years after the last American had left the moon.
The N1 did not have the hugely powerful engines that the Saturn V had. The Saturn first stage used 5 F-1 engines, the N1 first stage, on the other hand, required 30 engines. This meant that it had extraordinarily complex plumbing, which led to fuel leaks, fire and explosions.
Korolev may have been one the best designers of rockets in the world, but the best designer of rocket engines in the Soviet Union was Valentin Glushko... and the two men hated each other. Korolev wanted engines which ran on kerosene and liquid oxygen (LOX) as used in the USA on the Saturn rockets. Glushko argued that the US had access to better grade kerosene and that the poor grade the USSR had access to would cause problems. Instead Glushko wanted to use unsymmetrical dimethylhydrazine (UDMH) and nitrogen tetroxide (N
2O
4). These fuels ignite on contact (know as hypergolic fuels). Engines using hypergolic fuels are much simpler to build, but Korolev argued that the toxicity of these fuels and the exhaust gases posed a threat to manned missions (they were used very successfully on the Titan II launchers that took the US Gemini spacecraft into orbit). Korolev and Glushko fell out and Glushko refused to work on the N1. Korolev had to use a less experienced engine designer.
Korolev dies in January 1966. He was a strong leaded and proponent of the Soviet manned lunar programme. His early death and the internal politics of rocket design in the Soviet Union ensured that they could never win the race with the USA. The Soviets simply covered upo the failed moon programme and denied it had ever existed. This denial continued until the fall of the USSR.
The world is a different place now. It is my hope that the Russians make good progress in their desire to finally reach the moon. I also hope that it wakes the US politicians from their slumber and that they will direct NASA to return US astronauts to the moon. Now is the right time for the USA and Russia to once again be looking towards the moon and preparing to explore it, but this time as partners, not rivals.
Previous topics on the Russian manned moon programme