While some of the events described in the Bible may refer back to historical events, they have been so twisted in the re-telling that they are barely recognizable. Below are some tidbits I have dug up about the first five books of the Bible:
There actually was a very large flood about 2800 BC. Many ancient peoples preserve a memory of it in their legends and there is geologic evidence at Eridu and the marshes near the mouth of the Euphrates. Astrological/astronomical details place this flood in May of 2807 BC. Sumerian texts divide the history of Mesopotamia into "the kings before the Flood" and "the kings after the Flood." At this time the Egyptian first dynasty was nearing its end; the contemporaneous second dynasty would continue for another 200 years. Obviously, the Sumerians and Egyptians, among others, survived the Flood, meaning that Noah's Flood was NOT a world-wide event. This leaves the interpretation of the Bible with a problem: the coroboration from other, independent writers needed to establish the event as historical, would not be possible if those writers had died in a global flood. A literal interpretation would require that the event be considered myth, or at least, legendary.
Noah was innocent: God built in a flood plain.
Sodom and Gomorrah may have been Bab edh-Dhra (Sodom) and Numeira (Gomorrah). These two ruins match the description given in the Bible, but unless somebody digs up a stone with the name "Sodom" engraved on it, we will probably never be able to make a definitive connection (Gomorrah means "submerge" so we are not likely ever to find a place by that name, but it does strongly suggest the existence of another city still under the waters of the Dead Sea.). The buildings were water-proofed with bitumen (natural tar). Apparently, somebody got careless with a cooking fire...
There is a "pillar of salt" nearby - a mineral deposit created by a spring. It is called in Arabic: Lot's Wife. If you think it a miracle that Lot's wife looked back and turned into a pillar of salt, consider that it happened to me: I looked back and turned into a telephone pole. But seriously, these sites may be the source of the story of Sodom and Gomorrah.
Bietak's excavations at Tell el D'aba (The ancient Hyksos capital of Avaris.) uncovered the graves of a large number of children. Apparently, this is the source of the "slaying of the innocents" story. The Hyksos were the probable ancestors of the Jews, so the incident didn't even involve the Egyptians (whose capital was 400 miles away at Thebes). The story is about Hyksos killing other Hyksos.
A way to date the Exodus would be to find a Pharaoh whose "first-born son" died as a child. There are only three that I could find: the first son of Ramses I died as a child; his second son, Seti became Seti I. Merneptah was the 13th son of Ramses II, 12 others having died earlier. Merneptah's first son, Seti-Merneptah died as a child; his second son became Seti II. The Pharaoh Amenmesses is a potential prototype for Moses: he was Seti II's half-brother and opposed him in a civil war. Amenmesses was defeated and vanished (disappeared into the desert?); 21 years later, an unknown commander, purportedly with military exerience, took a mining expedition into Sinai where it remained for 40 years before funding was withdrawn by Ramses VI, forcing the now-unemployed miners to make exactly the trip described in Exodus.
There are at least two ways to look at the story of the Red Sea Crossing: 1. Pharaoh's army was pursuing with hostile intent. The crossing of the "Red Sea" was a night-time maneuver using a "pillar of fire" (a miltary signalling device) to deceive the Egyptians while the Israelites escaped across the shallow ford. 2. "Pharaoh's Army" was the military wing of an Egyptian mining expedition which crossed last. In either case, the army was caught in mid-channel by converging surge waves.
The Hittites were defeated by the Pelest (Philistines) about 1193 BC. Ramses III defeated the Pelest in 1187 BC and settled them in Gaza where their descendents (Palestinians) still live. If the Israelites were afraid to use the coast road because of the Philistines, that leaves a six-year window for the Exodus. If there were Hittites in Canaan 40+ years later, they would have been refugees. At the time of the conquest, the Hittites were not a military threat to anyone. God wasn't real successful at eliminating the Amorites: their descendents still live in Jordan.
The Amalekites were a real tribe. Their pottery type, known as negebite ware, is the most common one in Sinai. By following the route of the Exodus on a map and noting where in the sequence the first battle with the Amalekites was, you can identify their home as Feiran Oasis, the largest oasis in southern Sinai. Even so, it is pretty small and there wouldn't have been very many people for Israel to conquor. There is a small hill in the middle of a plain to the east of Serabit el Khadim, now covered with an open stand of junipers. The site fits the story to a tee, complete with Moses standing on the hill. But guess what? There's no archeological evidence that a battle ever took place here - not a broken sword or shield, not a lost knife - nothing. Draw your own conclusions, but it seems to me that if the battle ever happened, it happened somewhere else and maybe at a different time.
Bonus question: how was Hur (one of the two people who supported Moses' arms) related to Moses?
The story of Moses ordering the killing of 3000 Israelites almost-certainly originated with later travelers who noted a great many graves at Serabit el Khadim and invented a way to explain them. The graves are still there and belong to Egyptian miners who had been working the deposits for several hundred years at the time of the Exodus.
The second level at Tell Masos shows evidence of having been destroyed by an earthquake (The same one that swallowed Korah and the other rebel priests?). The site was rebuilt.
The exact location of Hormah is in doubt, but the best candidate seems to be Tell Mihl, eight miles east of Beersheba in Wadi Beersheba. The problem is that Arad (now an Israeli National Park and Archeological Site) wasn't occupied. Arad is a later Iron Age site. Israel could not have suffered a defeat at Arad and been driven back to Hormah until centuries after the Exodus. This incident appears to be a complete fiction, at least, as applied to the Exodus.
Moses' wife (Zipporah) was a "Midianite." At the time this story is taking place, they are deep inside MOABITE territory, over a hundred miles from Midian, camped on the Plains of Moab within sight of Jericho. The shrine at which some of the Israelites worshipped was a shrine to Baal Peor, located on Mount Peor. The priest at the shrine was Balaam, a man who really existed, sort of an ancient televangelist for Baal. The verses are in error: the protagonists were the Moabites under Prince Balak vs. the Israelites under Moses.
Balaam refused to pronounce a curse on the Israelites which were then threatening Jericho, presumably because he did not wish to offend God (He was a priest of Baal, what did he care about the Israelites' god?).
Balaam is among those murdered by the Israelites, his thanks for trying to help them.
Archeologists seem divided as to when it was that Jericho's walls collapsed. One group says about 1500 BC, which would be consistent with Ahmose' soldiers extracting revenge on the Hyksos. Another says around 1140 BC, which would be consistent with several hundred settlers (who did not keep pigs) arriving in the Judean hill country. The jury is still out on this.
Abraham - the name occurs in Egypt in the late 11th Dynasty (c. 1990 BC). The biblical Abraham lived at Shur, modern Abu Suweir meaning "Father of the Wall." The wall in question is the Wall of the Prince, Egypt's system of fortifications along its eastern border, built by Amenemhet I to keep out the riff-raff (like Abraham). BUT: part of that fortification system was a canal, or mote, built by Sesotris III about 1830. Shur received irrigation water from the canal, without which it was barren desert. In order for Abraham to settle there, the canal must already have existed. So, the biblical Abraham arrived in Egypt about 160 years AFTER his name did. Conclusion: there was more than one Abraham.
The story of Moses killing an Egyptian appears to originate with Djehuti, a supervisory priest and member of Hatshepsut's court who killed a man named Ptah-Sokar (reason unknown) and buried the body in the sand. Later writers say that when called to account for the crime, he fled to Joppa, returning to Egypt years later.
Moses, himself, had "uncircumcized lips." I take that to mean he was not circumcized, but use your own judgement. The Hebrews apparently got the practice from Egyptian priests. Where they got it from is a matter of conjecture.
QUOTE (zandore @ Dec 19 2007, 09:04 AM)

The needless, brutal slaughter of the Passover night is the intended result of another hardening of Pharaohs heart by an egotistical maniacal God who wishes to parade his power. Ex 12:29 [Thus God continues his propensity for making the innocents suffer for the guilty which culminates in the crucifixion of His own innocent Son Jesus.]
I think it was Josephus who gave a considerably different account in Against Apion. He even named the Pharaoh: Seti I.
QUOTE (zandore @ Dec 19 2007, 09:04 AM)

Israelites who complain, with good reason, in the desert, are burned with fire by God in the uttermost parts of the camp. Num 11:1 [Evidently the Christian God loves the smell of roasting, poaching, baking, broiling or burning human flesh?]
The campsite is Taberah, probably the spring Bir el-Thifeiriya, located about 3.5 miles north-northwest of Serabit el Khadim. The list of names from Numbers 11 and Exodus 17:8 do not match up with each other. If the battle with the Amalekites took place at Rephidim (Ex 17:8), then Taberah is west of Rephidim and Ex 17:8 is correct. If it took place in the vicinity of Feiran Oasis, then Numbers 11:3 is right. Bir el-Thifeiriya is west of Serabit el Khadim (Rephidim); thus, Exodus 17:8 agrees with what is on the ground.
QUOTE (zandore @ Dec 19 2007, 09:04 AM)

Seeing that the Jews are dissatisfied on their journey to the Promised Land because they have no flesh to eat as they had in Egypt, God typically loses his temper again and in a childish way sends a vast excess of quail, enough to cover the ground a days travel in each direction and they stack up to a height of more than 3 feet. As the people started to eat the fruits of their labor "God smote them with a very great plague." Num 11:31-33 [I guess it was better to be a vegetarian after all. Remember Cain?]
The disease in question matches the description of coturnism, a type of poisoning caused by eating the meat of poisoned quail. Historically, it is known only from the area around el-Arish and not from mid-to-southern Sinai. The name Kibroth-hattaavah is probably a contraction derived from Gebel Haweiti and Naqb Hawa (Haweiti-Awad). The graveyard Erweis el-Ebeirig in Wadi Murrah fits the description and is probably the source of the story. The name Kibroth-hattaavah means "Graves of Hunger" according to Numbers, but is a reference to the wind in Arabic.
My point is that most of the Exodus story is a legend, based only loosely on history. It contains numerous errors of geography and fact. If its authors made this many mistakes with geographical and historical details that I CAN check, I cannot rely on it as a source of information on details I cannot check (theology, God, etc.). This book is not what it claims to be: the Word of God.
Doug