QUOTE (WalkingWithFire @ Apr 29 2008, 03:47 AM)

The material you provided is mostly from wiki which anybody can edit.
The material is not observable, testable, repeatable, or measureable, so it is not scientific.
AIG already debunked the idea of whale evolution.
http://www.answersingenesis.org/home/area/re1/chapter5.aspYou expect that to bring down evolution WWF? You've provided no scientifically sound information. Back up what you say. Yes, much of the material I used came from Wikipedia, for conveniences sake, but I also quoted several actually reputable sources, such as National Geographic and the Talkorigins website.
Anyways, before we look at the scant evidence you placed at my feet, I'm going to show you just how ridiculous the AiG website is, and how unscientific at that.
Lets take a look, shall we?
QUOTE
"Evolutionists believe that whales evolved from some form of land mammal. According to Teaching about Evolution, page 18, they ‘evolved from a primitive group of hoofed mammals called Mesonychids.’
However, there are many changes required for a whale to evolve from a land mammal. One of them is to get rid of its pelvis. This would tend to crush the reproductive orifice with propulsive tail movements. But a shrinking pelvis would not be able to support the hind-limbs needed for walking. So the hypothetical transitional form would be unsuited to both land and sea, and hence be extremely vulnerable. Also, the hind part of the body must twist on the fore part, so the tail's sideways movement can be converted to a vertical movement. Seals and dugongs are not anatomically intermediate between land mammals and whales. They have particular specializations of their own.
The lack of transitional forms in the fossil record was realized by evolutionary whale experts like the late E.J. Slijper: ‘We do not possess a single fossil of the transitional forms between the aforementioned land animals [i.e., carnivores and ungulates] and the whales.’3
The lowest whale fossils in the fossil record show they were completely aquatic from the first time they appeared. However, Teaching about Evolution is intended as a polemic for evolution. So it reconstructs some recent fossil discoveries to support the whale evolution stories that Slijper believed on faith. On page 18 there is a nice picture of an alleged transitional series between land mammals and whales (drawn at roughly the same size without telling readers that some of the creatures were hugely different in size—see the section about Basilosaurus in this chapter). This appears to be derived from an article in Discover magazine.4 The Discover list (below) is identical to the Teaching about Evolution series except that the latter has Basilosaurus as the fourth creature and the Discover list has ‘dates’:
Mesonychid (55 million years ago)
Ambulocetus (50 million years ago)
Rodhocetus (46 million years ago)
Prozeuglodon (40 million years ago)
One thing to note is the lack of time for the vast number of changes to occur by mutation and selection. If a mutation results in a new gene, for this new gene to replace the old gene in a population, the individuals carrying the old gene must be eliminated, and this takes time. Population genetics calculations suggest that in 5 million years (one million years longer than the alleged time between Ambulocetus and Rodhocetus), animals with generation lines of about ten years (typical of whales) could substitute no more than about 1,700 mutations.5 This is not nearly enough to generate the new information that whales need for aquatic life, even assuming that all the hypothetical information-adding mutations required for this could somehow arise. (And as shown in chapter 9, real science shows that this cannot occur.)"
Well, here is my refutation of that
Firstly, addressing the "bone" problem you brought up:
"The skeletal features and physiology would not have to, and didn't change radically as Sherwin stated, offering no evidence for the claim, much the same as the quotations from deBeer, Hitching, or Denton. Although I have not read the pieces, the quotes given seem to be either horribly out of date or highly speculative and lacking in any substance regarding, or research into, the subject at hand. This is similar to "Scientific Roadblocks", only with 35, 17 and 14 fewer years of research and discoveries to access, respectively. As stated before, one needs to do research into a subject one intends to write about.
The earliest known whales, Himalayacetus and Pakicetus are presently known only from cranial material, so they are not much help. However, the position of the inner ear bones in Pakicetus are a perfect intermediate between those of land mammals and the rotated ones of cetaceans (Thewissen & Hussain, 1993), not to mention the fact that the tympanic bullae are composed of dense bone as those of cetaceans (Gingerich, et al, 1983).
Neither has the postcranial skeleton radically changed. It is known from the fossil record that in Ambulocetus, the toes are elongated and the femur is short. The other skeletal elements are no different than other land mammals (Thewissen, et al, 1994). At the time of its description, most of the vertebral column and the pelvis of Ambulocetus had not been recovered. It has been, and is awaiting further description (Thewissen, 1998).
However, in the earliest known protocetid, Rodhocetus, there are definitely characteristics that show them to be more whale-like, but hardly radical. These are a further reduction of the femoral length, the rearward migration of the nares (nasal bones), to above the canine teeth (this is true of Rodhocetus, but in Ambulocetus, the narial region is still unknown), the sacral vertebrae are unfused, although they still articulate fully with the pelvis, a shortening of the cervical (neck vertebrae), and probably the most important, are the changes in the caudal (tail) vertebrae. They are relatively shorter, thicker, and more massive than those of land mammals, allowing for better attachment for the muscles involved in powering the, very likely, recently evolved flukes (Gingerich, et al, 1994). With the limb elements still unknown in Rodhocetus, it is not clear as to how much thrust was still generated by the hind feet (as with the majority in "big-footed" Ambulocetus). However, it is possible that Ambulocetus may also have had flukes capable of producing at least some amount of thrust. The extant giant river otter (Pteronura) of South America possesses a horizontally widened tail that produces thrust, even though the caudal vertebrae are of a typical terrestrial form (Fish, 1998). Furthermore, the swimming method of these otters (dorso-ventral undulation of the vertebral column) makes a very good analogy for the swimming method of Ambulocetus (Thewissen, 1998).
The transition of freshwater to sea water has been well-documented temporally through measurements of oxygen isotopes in the tooth phosphates and bones of early cetaceans (then compared with those of modern ones) (Thewissen, et al, 1996; Roe, et al, 1998). But this only tells when they became able to cope with the ingestion of sea water."
http://www.angelfire.com/fl/direpuppy/mindblocks.htmlAnd here is some more on that whole pelvis thing:
"The pelves of early whales did not diminish very quickly. Initially, there was a gradual reduction of the size of the hind limbs. What actually happened to the pelvis is:
Pakicetidae:
I. Pelvic bones are unknown at this time.
Ambulocetidae:
II. The pelvis of the holotype of Ambulocetus has been recovered (as well as most of the vertebral column), but is still awaiting description (Thewissen, 1998)
Protocetidae:
III. Rodhocetus- Pelvis articulates to sacrum, sacral vertebrae are unfused (a major characteristic in the determination of the family Protocetidae) (Thewissen, 1998)
IV. Georgiacetus- Pelvis does not articulate with sacrum, but connected by ligaments (Hulbert, 1998)
Basilosauridae and Dorudontidae:
V. Pelvis does not articulate with the vertebral column, however, the femora articulate to it. And in his monumental 1936 work, Remington Kellogg identified two sacral vertebrae in Basilosaurus cetoides, differing from the posterior lumbar vertebrae by having "dorsoventrally thickened transverse processes that were trihedral in outline, which was not the case in other lumbar vertebrae. This same condition has been observed in Dorudon atrox." (Uhen, 1998, pg. 48)
Mysticeti and Odontoceti:
VI. The pelvic bones are greatly reduced. In some whales, there are also femora present, occasionally lower limb elements, and in rare instances, there are protruding hind limbs. (For a good brief rundown and description, see Nemoto, 1963.)"
http://www.angelfire.com/fl/direpuppy/mindblocks.htmlHeres another good website. This website is a comprehensive history of the origins of whales and the search for that.
http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m120...156/ai_57828404Ah, here we go. This is a direct response to AiG's prattling nonsense about Cetacean evolution, courtesy of a website known as "Noanswersingenesis". Funny, yes?
The quotes in red are from the creationist source, the quotes in black are the response.
QUOTE
CREATION ex nihilo Volume 19 Number 1 Dec.96-Feb.97
The name of the magazine obviously refers to their arguments, which are created from nothing.
The World of Whales
by Angela Meyer
TERAMEDIA'S 'World of Whales' exhibition was at the Auckland Museum, New Zealand, June to September, 1996. Typical of many other evolutionary exhibits on the same subject, the display featured animated life-size models (by Dinamation) of whales and dolphins, along with a lot of biological information and interactive computer software on whales.
'Typical of many whale displays, this had whales in it.' is what the statement translates to.
What exactly should it contain? Is it surprising that a display on whales contains, well, whales? What is the point here?
The display also contained two creatures which are claimed to be ancestors of the whales.
And this document contains nonsense which, it is claimed, refutes it.
The Andrewsarchus is said to be a relative of the actual ancestor. Andrewsarchus is a terrifying wolf-like creature, with a large head and fierce teeth. All these details from one skull! Yes, the display is unashamedly honest about the fact that all that is known about Andrewsarchus comes from one 90-centimetre (3-foot) skull!
Skulls are the most important part of the animal. You can learn more from a skull than you can from anything else. From the skull you can determine what an animal ate, how it ate it, it's metabolism, how smart it was, etc., etc. Ask any actual paleontologist (unlike Angela, the "plant physiologist" writing the creationist article) if you don't believe me. Given a choice, they would always prefer to have the skull over any other single part of the animal.
Angela implies that there's something to be ashamed about here, but the only thing shameful is her ignorance of basic paleontology and zoology.
The question on the information board was: How would this creature have had to change from a land-dwelling animal to become a sea-dwelling animal like the whale? As the information board points out, this creature would have to lose its shaggy hair, its backbone flexibility and its waggly little tail; its nostrils would have had to move from the end of the snout to the top of the head, the long front legs would have had to change into flippers, the back legs would have had to disappear, and the external ears would have had to become internal for the shape to become streamlined.
How are any of these impossible shifts? There's nothing but an implied 'argument from personal incredulity' here in the creationist camp, but then, that's what most of their arguments boil down to.
And that's not all! Not only would the structure of the creature have had to change, as if that were not enough, but what about all the other changes that would allow a mammal to live under water? What about the breathing, skin, and hearing changes? What about the birth of babies under water, and feeding babies?
What about them? Are any of them really any more difficult than anything we've actually observed?
BREATHING
Some whales can hold their breath for 1½ hours under water.
And others can't. This is a classic creationist tactic. First, find the most extraordinary example of a particular feature in a particular group. Then, totally ignore all organisms in the group that have that feature to a lesser extent. Then, note how far that feature is away from it's ancestors and declare it too far to travel, ignoring the fact that we can see numerous less developed examples along the way.
They do it over and over again, never paying any attention to the facts they don't like.
So, it can hold it's breath for one and a half hours. So? What's the big deal from it evolving from an ancestor that could hold it's breath for an hour and fifteen minutes, and that from one that could only hold it an hour, and so on back to an ancestor being not the least bit better than you at holding it's breath. Is there something inherently impossible about slowly increasing the amount of time a species is capable of holding it's breath?
Some can dive to depths of one kilometre without damage to their tissues.
Again, so? Others can't dive that deep. Look at manatees. They can't dive very deep at all, but their close relatives the dugong can dive somewhat deep. Again, slow changes, one step at a time. What is the problem? There is no unbridgeable gap here, no matter how hard Angela struggles to disbelieve it.
When an animal or a person dives, the increased pressure causes more nitrogen from the air to dissolve into the body's fluids and tissues. As they return to the surface, bubbles of nitrogen may re-form in the tissues and blood, causing what is known as the 'bends'. Dolphins and whales have a different air exchange system which allows them to avoid the bends. Their lungs are also supplied with very fine capillaries which allow the dissolved nitrogen to return rapidly from the blood to the lungs without causing bubbles. Another amazing difference between whales and land mammals is that when they are at the surface they can exchange 90 per cent of the lungs' stale air with fresh air in less than a second. Compare this with humans, who can only exchange 30 per cent in one breath!
Now, compare it with shallow diving creatures like otters. Then deeper divers like sea otters. Then move up to seals and whatnot. Note the step by step increasing in the development of those features. Where is the huge, unbridgeable gap? It's in the imagination of creationists.
ECHOLOCATION
Whales and dolphins make clicking and whistling sounds which give information about their surroundings by the returning echoes. To do this, they need special structures for making and focusing the sounds,
Need? No, it's useful, but they don't need it. Many animals with primitive echolocation lack such structures, but Angela won't mention any of those.
plus they need special oil-filled sinuses in the lower jaw which pass the echo to the inner ear.
Nope! Still don't need them. Echolocation works fine in shrews, which have none of these features.
The timing of the echo gives the animal the distance, and the difference between the echoes received by the different sides of the head allows the animal to tell the direction.
Baby whales are born tail first (unlike most other mammals) into the water -- probably so that they do not drown during birth, and then swim up to the surface to take their first gasp of air. There was a lovely video clip of this on the computer displays. The milk is pumped into the baby -- rather than the baby having to suck it from the mother. Blue whales grow to 19 tonnes, at 11 months, before they are weaned from their diet of 450 litres (100 gallons) of milk per day. That's a lot of milk! And the milk is very different in composition from the milk of land mammals. It has twice as much protein, half as much sugar, and eight to ten times as much fat as cow's milk.
Will we see any actual arguments in this paper?
Certainly, a lot of changes would have to occur for a land mammal to live in the sea.
Certainly, we can see a lot of those changes in progress by looking at animals in the process of making that adaptation today.
On the computers at the exhibition children were asked, 'Which creature is the ancestor of the whale?' They were given several choices, including a penguin, a sea-living dinosaur, and Andrewsarchus. When you click on to Andrewsarchus the computer told you, 'Believe it or not, the whale evolved from Andrewsarchus.' Well, I don't believe it!
And flat earthers don't believe the world is a sphere either. Argument from personal incredulity is unscientific, no matter how you slice it.
INBETWEEN FOSSILS?
What about the alleged in-between fossils that have been found? Do these prove that the whale has slowly become the whale we see today?
Prove? There is no 'prove' in science, only evidence and theories that explain it. When you have a theory that explains the evidence without contradicting other evidence, do let us know, okay?
One of these was pictured in the exhibition -- the Basilosaurus. This was shown as an animal with a long snaky body, with flippers and smallish flukes on the tail. Its nostrils were halfway along the snout, as if they were midway between being at the end (like Andrewsarchus) and the top (like the whales). It had very tiny hindlimbs, which are claimed to have evolved (devolved?)
'Devolved' is a creationist canard. Evolution is evolution.
from hind-legs like those of Andrewsarchus -- and its backbone was flexible. What the display did not tell us was that although hundreds of skeletons of Basilosaurus have been found, and hundreds of whale skeletons, nothing which would qualify as intermediate between these two has been found.
Again, so what? We didn't have any Andrewsarchus a few years ago, and creationists were telling us we'd never find anything like it. Now, we have that, and they've moved the goalposts again!
'Ah ha!' says the creationist. 'You can't fill in the gap between A and Z' Then we find M. No problem, the creationist simply says, 'Ah ha, well you can't fill in the gap between A and M. Or M and Z!' So we find E and S later, and the creationist simply point to the new gaps.
It's an old trick. Creationism keeps telling us we won't find transitions, and when we find them, they simply declare we won't find any more. They've been wrong 100% of the time in the past, it doesn't take much brain power to extend a 100% failure rate into the future.
Also, Basilosaurus was fully aquatic -- not a part-land, part-sea dweller.
So? Ambulocetus was, if I recall correctly. Angela is aware of Ambulocetus, and thus knows that there is no gap as she suggests here. The only reason one would make this claim is to attempt to present some gap where there is none. It's a sad spectacle.
Nor did it tell us that the tiny hind appendages are believed to have been useful 'grasping organs' during mating -- they were not useless evolutionary leftovers!
Why is this a problem? I doubt it explained anything in detail. No, quick, find a gap and pretend it brings the whole thing into disrepute! Quick creationists, sling that mud and pretend it's a brick!
Other fossils have been claimed as whale ancestors since the exhibition was put together. A key one, and one of the most complete, is Ambulocetus ("walking whale"), announced in 1993. Major conclusions were made about its mode of walking, and about its tail structure, and yet the important fibula bones, pelvis, and tail bones were not found.
So? Care to address the logic that led to those conclusions? No, just ignore that. Pretend it doesn't exist. Quick, point out a gap and pretend it's more important than the fossils we do have which creationism cannot explain.
Only one tail vertebra was found, and it was five metres away from the rest of the skeleton. But because the researchers assumed the skeleton was of a 'whale', they assumed a long tail for Ambulocetus. Even more disturbing is the fact that fossils of Ambulocetus were found in strata at or above the stratigraphic levels where whale fossils were found.
Even less disturbing, actually. Platypus still live today, right? Groups don't magically become extinct just because they have descendants.
Our conclusion on going through that exhibition was that those wonderful creatures, the whales, are perfectly suited to their environment, beautifully designed that way by a perfect Creator.
With vestigial hind legs.
We were over-awed and amazed at His works
And yet you lie about His mechanism.
as we looked at the copies made by humans, but we were sad and disgusted that at the end of the exhibition God's handiwork was attributed to impossible evolutionary changes,
What impossible changes? You haven't presented anything that seems impossible.
which we were told were proven facts, 'Believe [sic] it or not'.
To the extent to which anything can be proven, they are. At the very least, common descent doesn't contradict any known evidence, something creationism cannot say.
How many people will have seen such displays and will be impressed by the certainty and clarity of the definite statements made by 'science'?
Hopefully, quite a few people more open to evidence than creationists.
Go and see such evolutionary exhibitions by all means, but give the Creator God the glory!
So, no arguments at all from Angela, just denial, argument from incredulity and a pretence that gaps are more important than the evidence that we do have.
As you can see, although the person responding was indeed more than a little sarcastic at times, the vast majority of the evidence put forth by creationists is baseless, unscientific conjecture, usually produced through various underhanded methods such as quote mining.
Why, if whales were designed to live in the sea by a perfect God, would they then have vestigial hindlegs?
This is taken from
this website and it concerns the mostly fallacious lies concocted and further distorted by AiG, concerning the "missing pelvis" from whales earliest ancestors.
"There is quite a bit more to that skeleton than what Sarfati would have us believe. What Sarfati did not mention or did not know (probably the later) is that the original specimen’s locality was not completely excavated due to safety concerns when the original paper1 of Ambulocetus by “Hans” Thewissen et. al. was published in 1994. In 1996 a great deal more of the skeleton was found. The bones found in 1996 include much of the spine and the pelvis.2 The web site for an exhibit of a reconstructed skeleton of this fossil notes that it is “missing only the tip of the snout, scapula, humerus, distal part of the tibia and some ankle bones.” In other words it is remarkably complete. (Keep in mind if one has the limb bone from left side, one knows what the equivalent limb bone on the right side looks like.) A technical description of these are in press as I write this sentence.3"
As you can see, without too much effort and while using a variety of sources, I have easily shown that everything you presented from AiG is a load of bull.
For further reading, here is a list of websites you might find informational, such that you may properly educate yourself in the realms of science.
http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m120...160/ai_79196961http://www.neoucom.edu/DEPTS/ANAT/Thewissen/http://www.sinc.sunysb.edu/Stu/bburger/MainPage.htmlhttp://members.cox.net/ardipithecus/evol/lies/lie030.html this is the one that shows that the whole pelvis problem you brought up is BS
http://www.smithlifescience.com/WhaleEvolution.htmhttp://www.edwardtbabinski.us/babinski/whale_evolution.htmlhttp://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3558350.stmhttp://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/1974869.stmHave fun refuting all this WWF. Doubtless I'm going to get a one sentence response... as usual. Although I appreciate your last attempt at posting something scientific.