The Canadian Crop Circle Research Network has received the results of tests by renowned crop circle researcher Nancy Talbott on a seven-circle barley formation found in Edmonton, Alberta in 1999. The clay from the circles shows a significant increase in the degree of crystallization, which is seen only in rock which has been exposed to massive pressure and heat over thousands of years. This increase in crystallization has never before been reported in surface soil. The study, funded by Laurance Rockefeller, used scientists who knew nothing about the crop circle phenomenon at the time they did the tests, so that they could remain objective. They examined clay soil in the crop circles, in an attempt to find out what kind of heat and energy it was exposed to. If a normal form of heat high enough to crystallize the soil had been present, it would have destroyed the crop. The plants also showed the familiar changes associated with "real" crop circles not made by mechanically flattening the crop (elongated nodes and the presence of expulsion cavities). Dr. Reynolds, a mineralogist and recognized authority on clay minerals, says the circles were formed with an energy currently unknown to science. But no matter how they were made, the possibility that they were mechanically flattened with boards and ropes in "Doug and Dave" style has been ruled out. Crop circle researcher Colin Andrews says, "One has to say this appears to be an excellent study and meticulously carried out. I am also greatly encouraged because it also strongly supports my own findings of the 'man made/non man made study of 1999- 2000,' also funded by Rockefeller. You could say that while each study was looking at different things, we came up with the same result. My results…showed that the simple designs (the 20%) were the ones we were unable to find any indications of being man made."