A research group at Cambridge think that the universe might once have been packed full of tiny black holes. Dr Martin Haehnelt, a researcher in the group led by Astronomer Royal Martin Rees, will present new evidence to support this controversial idea at the Institute of Physics conference Physics 2005 in Warwick. Most cosmologists believe that supermassive black holes grew up in big galaxies, accumulating mass as time went on. But Haehnelt says there is increasing evidence for a different view – that small black holes grew independently and merged to produce the giants which exist today.Haehnelt points to evidence from recent studies of the cosmic microwave background (CMB). This radiation, sometimes called “the echo of the big bang” has been travelling unaltered through space since the universe was just 400,000 years old.

At that moment the universe cooled through a critical point, letting CMB radiation travel freely for the first time – as though a cosmic fog had lifted. But new evidence shows that 10 to 15 percent of this radiation has been scattered since then. This indicates a re-warming of the universe which nobody had expected.Haehnelt explains that this could indicate an era in which small black holes were commonplace. “Matter accreting around a black hole heats up,” he explains, “and this heating could be a sign that small black holes were widespread in the Universe at that time.”

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apparantly our brains are packed with miniature black holes as well...


... they say that these black holes were commonplace.

So many times I read about how the universe is uniform, this suggests that life is uniform as well, and we could not exist as a random chance or fluke of nature because nature always has limits and these limits focus the path of nature onto one course, there would not be life on one planet out of all the planets in our galaxy becasue our galaxy is uniform like the universe, the formation of earth like planets must be uniform as well... suggesting that there is atleast one other earth like planet in this galaxy, there is no possibility that our planet is unique.... relatively speaking of course.

I can understand why this theory is being contested. The accepted ( and possibly in error) assumption is All the mater in the Universe( simple hydrogen atoms) condensed to a single point. It then Exploded with even force, sending the hydrogen out to gather together over a long time to make the first Stars.

I don't see why the original singularity would fragment in to small chunks( the supposed Black holes) instead of expanding at a constant rate till the small Gravitational forces become strong enough to attract other single atoms, the making of the first Proto-Stars possible.

I also agree with STIX's , life is so strong and assertive on this Planet that once we get out in to the rest of the milky Way, life should be found in abundants.

What if the original singularity was actually a number of singularities? In a multiversal scenario, a previous universe could have been initiated as follows:

Cosmologists have toyed with the idea of a re-cycling universe, yet until articles about negative energy and marginally faster-than-light physics were published during recent years, a re-cycling universe was largely considered impossible. All evidence pointed toward one tiny singularity at the beginning of time. From such perspective, there was nothing, there could have been nothing before that first zero moment. The problem with such models was that they were all based on scant knowledge about black holes, in the first place.

More recently, the notion of a multiverse--a succession of interconnected,
or inter-dimensioning universes, has been advanced by cosmologists. String theorists suggest that a previous “brane,” a sheet-like fabric of time existing in a previous universe, could have connected with our “brane” to cause the current universe to come into form. US science journals are fairly conservative in speculating about a multiverse, preferring to limit their articles to sketchy notions about a fifth dimension, or mathematical models of extra dimensions (i.e. “branes” as some string theorists call them).

Non-US magazines like New Scientist discuss multiversal possibilities more freely, i.e. Marcus Chown’s well-reasoned excursions into the subject. See Michio Kaku’s article about escaping to another universe at http://prospectmagazine.co.uk/article_details.php.6701.html In New Scientist, another British scientist argued that a new model of physics could be premised on a more flexible notion of time, alone. Yet another suggested that during a previous universe cycle, aliens endangered by waning energy conditions could have engineered a new universe into being. He didn’t suggest how they might have done so, but other theorists like Steven Hawking have suggested that by manipulating the energy vs. negative energy status of a black hole, a kind of white hole could conceivably be created. In short, the old Einstein limit could be exceeded.

Hawking theorized that particles, or quanta (discrete packets of energy), could escape from a black hole if “negative energy” fluctuations caused by “tidal shifts” within a black hole allowed particles to briefly exceed the speed of light and escape the black hole---provided, of course, they slowed down for an equally brief period of time after escaping the event horizon.

For years Hawking bet colleagues that no information, no recognizable pattern within such quanta, could escape a black hole. Then, in 2004, Hawking reversed himself and admitted that he’d probably lost the bet. New models showed that information (a kind of order) contained within what goes into a black hole, could escape from a black hole, although Hawking suggests that we might not be able to decipher it, given the mainstream assumption that there are no faster-than-light physics (an assumption that aliens say is incorrect).

So, although theorists like Hawking are still debating whether we might be able to see a “naked” singularity, a physically detectable black hole that somehow exceeds its event horizon, the question of whether black holes have a measurable “memory,” of sorts, has now come into mainstream scientific play. The possibility that information can somehow be cycled through black holes is now discussed by internationally recognized theorists. (See Scientific American, Nov. 2004) This has far-reaching implications.

For example, as was noted earlier, if, toward the end of a given universe cycle
(its habitable stability) aliens were to coordinate their actions universally, they could post electrogravity craft near all black holes in the universe in order to create a new universe cycle. By sharply tilting the energy vs. negative energy balance of all such black holes at the same time, they could cause them to “bleed into” a white hole, a new universe.

Ever heard of Tom Bearden’s electromagnetism/electrogravity relationship? It says that when light converges from three different directions so that it cancels out, the energy bleeds into electrogravity, and conversely, if electrogravity converges so that it cancels out, it bleeds back into light waves. Believe it or not, that may be the basic recipe for creating a new universe. By posting drone ships near black holes (massive reservoirs of negative energy) while removing all participating aliens to contained craft far out in space, a new universe could be created. Any civilization intent on doing so would no doubt wait until this universe was nearing the end of its habitability. To do so would be a major feat and would have enduring political and ecological implications.

For example, all aliens with primitive technology would probably be killed by the creation of a new universe. Presumably, only aliens with advanced electrogravity technology would be able to survive such a transition. And where would they get such technology? It would likely have been created by aliens who had previously shielded themselves in order to survive the shock and radiation of supernovas and hyper-novas (when black holes combine). It would also have been refined by aliens who had previously moved to small, icy planets where an electrogravity field had to be effected in order to contain an atmosphere and do terra-forming (stabilization of an atmosphere and a water cycle) to allow for habitation.

In short, the creation of a new universe would be an awe-inspiring, beautiful moment but would be fraught with contradictions and the need for all advanced aliens to both coordinate, and act together at the very same moment. Peaceful coordination on such a scale doesn’t just happen by itself. It would have to be accomplished. It would require humility, a shared vision of all participating aliens in the universe. All such aliens would have to reduce their numbers in order to survive the moment. Greed and violence would have to be overcome.

So, what would be the main theme among such beings? A shared ecology, not a piggish scramble for real estate.

The hypothesis of outer Universal Beings collectively or Single creating the "White Hole " for the formation of another Universal Starting Point (AKA, Big Bang) would by Definition be the concept of "G-D,The Creator of all things!"

Science Proving Religious Faith! What a NOVEL Concept!

Roger, I may not buy into the poppy seed that popped theory, yet, there is evidence to back it up, such as several studies of microwaves across the universe. They prove to be fairly smoothly distributed, with certain variations, like an explosion. I will return to that in a minute.

Also, in favor of the BB are the studies that HST did on Cepheid Variable Stars. That was likely the main reason for Hubble Space Telescope, to get hundreds of theretofore unattainable images of periodic stars and their host galaxies. The calculations gave the speed of the expansion of the Universe, and a good guess on a related speed to distance ratio. What they estimated was refined by independent microwave studies, to be 71 +/- 3.5 km/sec/ ~3.3 million light years.

Returning to the initial expansion- this data comes up short. Until you factor in two supernova projects, one of which was HST. That data showed that at a certain distance, those SNe were less redshifted than they should be. That meant during that 'time', at that distance, there must have been a change in the expansion rate of the Universe. It is so noticeable, as to indicate that there was even an era preceding that, when expansion slowed, and perhaps contracted briefly.

It is this re-acceleration that gives some evidence of a variable expansion force.
Perhaps it provides a missing link for all the other data- how did the Universe
expand so quickly in the beginning? Answer- a little help from dark energy.
It went faster than the speed of light, cooled down, gained extra force from conserving the energy of the slowing Universe. Like jack-put-back-in-the-box,
they say it started again, with a boost. It appears to be really only a slight
acceleration, but enough to keep us expanding forever (so they say).

My view is close to what GL2 mentioned- the sound of three hands clapping...
Three, maybe eight hands clapping each other, maybe...
Regardless, I feel the early Universe was tight, and so a few hundred million years
after the Beginning, gargantuan stars formed from in some places. They collapsed
because of instability, and formed giant black holes, some of which a quasars.
These produced heat and radiation force, and as they gobbled up their surroundings, they eventually ran low on material, and cooled, releasing yet more energy. This gave a certain boost to expansion of the stars and gas. They slowed over time, forming galaxies, but around 5 billion years ago, dark energy was re-energized with gravitational energy that it conserved from the previous slowing era.

So, if BB, you can say its a winner. If multi-verse, looks like a winner, too.
We will not know for a while. I prefer multi-verse.

I doubt if the black holes implied in this article affected the large structures of galaxies, or even stars. They were too fleeting. And I believe they formed by the collision of large numbers of cosmic rays, generated during the slowing that began about seven billion years after the Big Beginning. The annihalation generated mini-black holes, which were only fleeting, as they had little time to consume matter.
They evaporated not long after they were created, but this process may have been prevalent over a couple of billion years...


Universal Expansion, and Re-Expansion. Steady As She Goes.


Quasars remain enigmatic. They are distant, some appearing to recede at 90% the speed of light, and most with a host galaxy, of any type of configuration.
Most strange for these balck holes that shine brighter than entire galaxies. They feed on the surrounding galaxy, then rest, then find another galaxy to merge with, then rest, and so on.


Examples of Quasars and Their Host Galaxies

Roger, et al-

I do not necessarily believe in the poppy seed theory, though some do.
I could make analogies, but I really don't like to. And I just erased one!

I will let these illustrations speak for me. You see, I feel, as some do, that it was not a single point that expanded, but the extent of spacetime itself.
It was fairly expanded in the beginning, as perhaps it and gravity accelerated billions of times faster than the speed of light to reach out before matter ever did. So matter began to fill the vaccuum that was present 'earlier'.

Here are images to illustrate this formulation of large scale clumps of hydrogen and helium gas. These webs, called the lyman alpha forest, collapsed and condensed, rather than expanding out from a single point. Matter simply followed spacetime, which got there much earlier (fractions of a second!)



Some excellent movie clips in this regard are- (they are better saved to disk)

Small Movie Quicktime 2 MB

Better Movie- 6.2 MB

After spending the last 2 days trying to catch up with the New Theorys Of Space/ Time ( M-Theory) and the Multi Universe possibilitys, I have to stop. My Brain is turning in to Squirrel Foods. I admit when overwhelmed. Still a fascinating Subject though mostly speculative. I enjoyed your input!