life on Earth is based on the building block element carbon with water as the solvent in which bio-chemical reactions take place.
Given their relative abundance and usefulness in sustaining life it has long been assumed that life forms elsewhere in the universe will also utilize these basic components.
However, other elements and solvents might be capable of providing a basis for life.
Silicon is usually considered the most likely alternative to carbon, though this remains improbable.
Life forms based in ammonia rather than water are also considered, though less frequently.
Nor can the possibility be rejected that a completely new substance may be found that may react in a similar way to carbon or that wholly unique, non-chemical life-forms may possibly flourish through exotic physics.
Along with a building block element and a solvent, life also requires an energy source.
Energy from a parent star is the most obvious source for extraterrestrial life but this is not the only possibility, as the example of terrestrial extremophiles shows.
Geothermal energy from a planet's interior, for instance, may drive sub-surface or oceanic life, while tidal flexing (e.g., for bodies orbiting a gas giant) provides another possible motor to sustain living things.
The scientific study of the possible biochemical basis for extraterrestrial life is often called xenobiology.
Extraterrestrial lifePlease take a minute and do some research....