QUOTE
Christianity has Pagan roots
I believe that Christianity is
“...essentially a reflection of the worship of Attis, Osiris, Dionysos, Orpheus, and Adonis. All are built around the theme of a Savior-god who takes human form, teaches, suffers, dies, and rises again. The minor divergences from this theme lend no greater authority to one than another.” (Orpheus, A History of Religions, Reinach, Salomon, 1930, p.228). I think the major characteristics of the popular ancient saviour-gods and divine heroes were applied to the NT Jesus: the virgin birth, born by the power of a holy spirit, miracle worker, raising the dead, dying, resurrecting, and salvation, ascending to heaven and returning, claim to be the son of a god etc. Such stories were numerous and well known. For example, Alexander the Great, Pythagoras, Plato were supposedly born of women and conceived by the power of a holy spirit. Heracles was the child of the Zeus and a human woman. Julius Caesar (48 BCE) was proclaimed “god manifest, savior of human life, and divine man.” August was said to have been sent by God, Himself. Livy claimed that Romulus was conceived by a god, born of a virgin, and left no bodily remains after his death. Like the much later Jesus, he reappears to “commission his successors”. And then there’s my personal favorite, Apollonius of Tyana. Although he lived after Jesus, he was said to be the son of Zeus, perform incredible miracles--including raising the dead. He had quite the following. On and on and on.
I think such popular stories would have easily found themselves woven into the Jesus story. I believe Jesus to be a new god constructed from the most popular characteristics of the old gods--thus making him unique.
That said, I think it improbable that you will find a saviour-god that is a mirror-image of the Jesus as described in the NT. Why? Every god created was at one time unique. Over the centuries, these gods were adopted by various cultures, given different names and characteristics, and made new again. Jesus, in my opinion, was no different. He appears to be an old car with new parts. Thus, he is unique, just as every saviour-god preceding was unique. That said, there were many saviour-gods that shared at characteristics with the NT Jesus figure--close enough for early church apologists to go out of their way to denounce them [pagan saviour-gods] as deceptions of the Devil.
It is well known that these mystery religion preceded Christianity by at least a few centuries. The myth of Adonis was known to the Greeks as early as the fifth century BCE. The Egyptian myth of Osiris dates back to at least 4,000 BCE and was recorded in detail by the Greek biographer Plutarch (c46-120 CE). The Persian Sun-God Mithras was mentioned in the writings of the Greek historian Herodotus (c480-c245 BCE). The cult of Mithraism reached Rome in the first century BCE.
The way the early church fathers defended against the mystery religions showed that they knew these pagan myths antedated the Christian ones. Justin Martyr (c160-165) claimed that the devil plagiarized Christianity by anticipation with the pagan religions in order to lead people from the true faith. He claimed the myth of the virgin birth of Perseus, an ancient Greek legend that preceded Christianity, was pre-copied by the "deceiving serpent" (Dialogue with Trypho: 70). Similarly he asserted that the cultic rites of Mithraism had a diabolical origin (Apology 1:66). Tertulian (c160-c225) made the same claim: that it was the devil that provided this "mimicry". That the church fathers would resort to the absurd theory of pre-mimicry (i.e. the copy coming before the original) means that they could not make the claim that the pagan mystery religions copied from Christianity! Why couldn't they? Because it must have been well known to them and to their audience which came first! (Guirand, The Larrouse Encyclopedia of Mythology: p9, 81-82, 314; Benet, The Reader's Encyclopedia: p655-656; Price, Deconstructing Jesus: p91-93; Wells, The Jesus Myth: p100)There were enough similarities between ancient saviour-gods and Jesus to put early church apologists on the offensive, to ring the alarm bells. That speaks volumes.
To go one further here ... As for dying and rising for the remission of sins . . . This was an ancient method of appeasing the gods. Animal sacrifices--the shedding of blood for the remission of sins--was quite common. Jesus--or the writers of the Gospels/NT--I believe, took this concept one step further. Instead of spilling the blood of a lamb, for example, to pay for the remission of sins, a human became the ultimate sin-offering. Human blood must be spilt for human transgressions--not that of an animal. Hence, Jesus became the “lamb” that must pay the ultimate price for sin--a sacrifice (sin-offering) that would benefit all of mankind. In effect, Jesus became the sacrificial “Passover Lamb” (GJohn).
Professor Elaine Pagels (Princeton) in
Beyond Belief: The Secret Gospel of Thomas (p.20):
“In the decades after his death, some followers of Jesus in Jerusalem invoked religious tradition to suggest that, just as animal sacrifices were offered in the Temple, so Jesus had died as a sacrificial offering. . .” At the last supper--if this event even occurred--Jesus proclaims the wine the [disciples] drink to be his blood, the bread they eat his flesh. Eat and drink of it and be saved (John 6:53–56). This rather gruesome ritual--the Eucharist, a sin and sacrifice ritual (used in Catholic Mass to this day)--was practiced amongst many religions of antiquity. It was not unique to Christianity. In fact, some scholars believe it’s possible to trace such rituals to a period in the distant past known as the Totem Stage (I believe this is the correct term). During this period, tribes were honoring and sacrificing--making sin-offerings (bear or bull)--to Totem spirits. They then ate the sin-offering in a “Eucharistic-type” feast. Again, Pagels (Beyond Belief, p.19) draws a similar conclusion by stating,
“. . . many Jews and gentiles might have recognized the eucharist as typical of ancient cult worship.” Looking at Edward Carpenter’s (Brighton College; Trinity Hall, Cambridge) book
Pagan and Christian Creeds (p.72) where he makes an interesting statement about sacrifice, sin-offering, and Christianity:
“I say it is an astonishing thing to think and realize that this profound and mystic doctrine of eternal sacrifice of Himself, ordained by the Great Spirit for the creation and salvation of the world--a doctrine which has attracted and fascinated many of the great thinkers and nobler minds of Europe, which has also inspired the religious teachings of Indian sages and to a less philosophical degree the writings of the Christian saints--should have been seized in its general outline and essence by rude and primitive people before the dawn of history, and embodied in their rites and ceremonies.” Sean