QUOTE(RabidCat @ Apr 20 2006, 05:50 PM) [snapback]1156554[/snapback]
I did read an article once (couldn't say where or when, other than it was a 'science' mag) that claimed that when the USSR sent a nuclear device to the moon, the first time they missed due to gravity calculations that assumed the 1/6 g, but hit the moon the second time, and when the thing went off, the moon 'rang like a bell'.
OK. If that's true...
According to NASA, Luna 2 was a spherical spacecraft. The instrumentation included scintillation/geiger-counters, magnetometer, micrometeorite detectors. Also carried Soviet pennants, and no propulsion systems.
On 12 September 1959, it separated from its third stage, which travelled along with it towards the Moon. On 14 September, after 33.5 hours of flight, radio signals from Luna 2 abruptly ceased, indicating it had impacted on the Moon. Some 30 minutes after, the third stage of its rocket also impacted the Moon. The mission confirmed that the Moon had no appreciable magnetic field, and found no evidence of radiation belts at the Moon.
and...
The 1963 Limited Test Ban Treaty (LTBT) prohibits nuclear weapons tests "or any other nuclear explosion" in the atmosphere, in outer space, and under water, and prohibits underground nuclear explosions that cause radioactive debris...(US, UK, USSR).
The US had some impactor spacecraft pre-Apollo, as well as during the A13-17 missions. On A-13, the S-IVB rocket stage made an evasive maneuver (televised) and a propulsion burn aimed the S-IVB for an impact 137 km from the Apollo 12 seismometer. The signal generated by the impact lasted 3 hours plus, and was so strong that a ground command was necessary to reduce seismometer gain and keep the recording on the scale...
The suprathermal ion detector (Apollo 12) recorded a jump in the number of ions from zero at the time of impact up to 2,500 shortly thereafter and then back to a zerocount ( 6,300-10,300 K temperature generated by impact, or particles at 60 km ionized by sunlight).
Lunar Module ascent stages were also crashed into the moon to provide seismic signals.
And, so forth.