It is my contention that there existed in prehistory an upwelling river near the edge of the desert at Giza. This flowed only during flooding season and was fed from a spot on the Nile about 30 Miles SW of Giza where there is a dead-end arm of the river today.

This water flowed in some quantity and emerged with some authority. During the flooding season when the fields were flooded, this river was a great convenience to the valley farmers since it was a ready source of water to irrigate the desert and grow another crop while waiting for the river to receed and leave a new layer of rich silt.

Over the centuries they learned they could pile rocks around this emerging river in oder to lift it so it could flow down to a larger area of crops. It would have wanted to just flow down to the valley but a damn around it would prevent this and lift it higher to irrigate larger areas. They would quickly learn that the great weight of the water would deconstruct any haphazardly built structure. The more tightly they restrained the water the lesser its weight.

From this came the knowledge to fit stones so tightly together that they were essentially air tight and water tight. They essentially invented a four sided dam that lifted water to a usable level. This may have had various appearance over the millinea but by 5000 BC or so was essentially a step pyramid and this structure represented a huge amount of wealth to the culture.

As more was learned about hydraulics, masonry and the various primitive technology it was seen that this water coming from this structure could also be used to do work. Water could be let down the side in baskets to work or lift heavy objects. The idea of the Great Pyramid was born.

The area was leveled and a causway built to the Nile for use as a series of locks on which they could float the first stones and the casing stone right up to the work site. A dam was constructed around the entire site to fascilitate this movement. The original pyramid remained and the water was used to fill large counterweights on the top and lift stones up the south face and up from the quarry. There were two auxiliary counterweights for the snaller pulls from the quarry and to lift men and supplies to the top of the unfinished structure. This small pre-existing pyramid rose to the very bottom of the Grand Gallery. Down its center was the route which the water took as it rose each year.

The Grand Gallery was a system of 14 shaddufs which were used to complete the central chambers of the pyramid which could be used as a pump. It was this pump which lifted water to higher levels to complete the structure as well as the two other large pyramids on the site. This was probably still used as a sort of fountain after completion. Its importance as a source of water probably faded just as the subsequent pyramids did. The back pressure allowed sediment to fill the channel and choke the flow of water. Pressure would have stayed the same as year after year there was less and less water. Eventually this entire area returned to the desert but not before significant water erosion occurred to the Sphinx downhill from this area. There is also apparent very extreme erosion in the "underground chamber" which is the souce of the water. The pit in the underground chamber is full of debris and has been for hundreds of years.

It is known that this entire area is limestone and has numerous natural cavities in it.

The water originated at Lake Moeris to the sout west and dams were constructed to raise and maintain the level of this lake. There has been sand found in the walls of the queens chamber (lower distribution node) that is unlike sand found in this desert. Are we to believe that they imported sand to a desert to build the pyramid?

Of course the big problem with using counterweights to lift the stones is that they would get going pretty fast so they'd need a brake of some sort to slow them down. Maybe the star shafts had a weight in them that the sled would snag on the way by to slow it down. They wouldn't want stones flying right over the top of the pyramid.

The Great Pyramid was constructed on a hill and at least some of the center portion of the hill remains. It is here nearly directly under the bottom of the grand gallery where the grotto is located. This is partially underground and partially above ground, but even the deep part is above the base of the pyramid. It is simply a small cavern with a pit in the center. This should be the oldest part of system and date back tens of thousands of years. It would be the place where the water initially emerged and the center of the step pyramid. It was abandoned after they dug the subterranian chamber.

The passage to the subterrainian chamber has a wide spot in it which appears to be natural from photographs.

The Great Pyramid was built by the people of Atlantis after the fall of Atlantis by the Egyptian God Thoth. It is an impossibility for people to build without extremely advanced technology and this is proven by the fact that we today with our best equipment could not even come close to the Great Pyramids perfection, not even on a scale model 1/25th the size of the original.

It was built with anti-gravity technology which utilizes magnetic electricity to pick things up and since is so much more powerful than gravity it can literally pick up several ton blocks and suspend them in mid air with almost no effort at all. This is a proven fact as the stones used to build the Great Pyramid came from quite far away and the only trees that could have been used as rollers were infact trees that were farmed for food. Even the Egyptians themselves specifically say they were taught by beings they called Gods but were infact just much more advanced versions of ourselves from another world that came here and built Atlantis.

Are you serious?

Great theory. The ancient Egyptians were possessed of a quite extraordinary knowledge of stone working and hydraulics. We know that the great pyramids were connected to the Nile by canals so it makes sense to imagine the builders using the canals to bring in the great stones used for construction. But how on earth they managed to load the larger stones onto vessels then unload them at the other end is still a mystery. Your idea of using water a motive force within the pyramids themselves is quite intriguing.

Dead serious.

You have to be joking?

Of course we could build the Great Pyramid.

Probably to a far greater level of perfection if we really wanted to.

As to the original... Yes it is an example of incredible ancient architecture.

And the reason it is so incredible is because it WAS created with the primitive technology of those far off days.

The reason it is so incredible IS because it was made by men. Not gods, definately not Atlanteans.

Read up on the Three Gorges Dam in China. We're well capable of amazing building feats.

That's...difficult to believe.

As a three-year student of architecture, engineering, and materials science, I can tell you with absolute certainty that, while a stunning example of engineering for its time, the Great Pyramids would not be considered any sort of technological marvel today. While the tolerances that it was built with were impressive, they are nothing compared to the standards we use today, which are capable of detecting a mere 2 mm deviation in a swaying high-rise at a thousand feet. The average 2.5 ton block of the pyramid, normally requiring a team of five men to force into position, can be carted by a single man today with a power cart (or even with manual carriers). The 40 ton lintels that make up the heaviest blocks would also require one man, using a standard boom crane, and quite capable of placing it in precisely where needed.

The pyramid is such a simplistic design that, using modern technology, it could be recreated within less than three years, and most of that time would be logistical for the stone. There is absolutely no aspect of the pyramid that could not be done better, faster, and cheaper, with today's technology.

And I can tell you with even more absolute certainty than you that you should demand a refund from whatever school it is that you are going to, that or those fields just aren't your strong points and are just as worse off as a blind airplane pilot.



Thats funny because I am 100% sure that if the greatest minds in the entire world were to get together combined with the most advanced technology this world has to offer, the Great Pyramid couldn't be duplicated within even 10 years time. Infact I'm certain that the project would end up in complete failure and I think you greatly underestimate the structure as you probably know extremely little about it to begin with.

I'll take the opinion of my teachers and peers concerning my abilities and knowledge over yours any day of the week. If all you can do is make snide comments in response, without the slightest attempt at supporting your arguments, you do nothing more than broadcast your "sour grapes" attitude.



And you are wrong. You wouldn't need the greatest minds in the world; the pyramid is just not that compicated a structure, engineering-wise. Any junior year student, and possibly some advanced sophmores, could design it. A pyramid design is to engineering what the volcano is to a science fair. It's quick, easy, and just not that complex. The Egyptian temples required far more expertise and knowledge in terms of engineering and architecture. The only thing impressive about the Great pyramids is scale. The degree of accuracy is impressive, again because they didn't have the modern equptment that we have and had to do it by more primitive means.

I challenge you to present a single aspect of the pyramid that cannot be duplicated, and surpassed, by modern technology. Just one. Try it.

Yes

What they (the fallen of Atlantis and/or the ETs aka Pleiadeans etc) used Quantum teleportation techniques to lift the pyramids blocks/slabs and laser beams to cut them.

The position and shape of the pyramid is conducive to contact with other planets and civilisations, as well as conducive to the general magnetic fields (gravity) and movement of the spheres.

The universe is quite an intricate creation which depends largely upon harmony of the yin yang energy forces. If you work with computers, you will have a clear understanding of the power of this binary (0s and 1s eg 0001101010 etc of basic computer programming)activity.

So, God, with all due respect, is a computer wizz! Not so?

So, what is the answer to life, the universe and everything?

Have a good weekend.


Ashtari

I agree guys the great pyramid could be duplicated today.
But i'll be glad to argue with anyone that the great pyramid was done by simple primative means.
Yeah sure, there are certain aspects you can examplise, but to follow through with the quarring to the lifting to the finished product is not something i have seen anyone describe using primitive means, that sounded sensable.
Think of the manpower and the food they would consume.
Think of the amount of trees that would half to be harvested. Would there have been enough?
Using a ramp idea to pull these blocks up into place would have worn logs down quickly.
Correct me if i'm wrong but, wasn't the stones that were quarried for the great pyramid located some 60 miles away?
As someone already pointed out "How were they lifted onto a ship"...think of the heaviest stones here as well?
Explain all this in a way that makes perfect sense.

You are going to have to do some research on your own to get the big picture, as it is somewhat unrealistic to ask complete strangers on the internet to go through and explain the entire process to you. Granted, there is the odd Egyptophile that will happily jabber on for as long as you like about it, but for the most part, the search for knowledge requires some effort on your part.

Now, the thing about simple individualized examples is that simple things can be strung together to create more complex things. It is the epitome of sesibility; in fact, there is no other way in which things could have been done. Complexity is always the result of simple components working together in unison.

Concerning manpower and food...not that big an issue. Egypt was smack-dab in the middle of what was the most fertile region in the world. There was plenty of food to go around. It is currently suspected that there was a core of about forty thousand full time craftsmen, and about fifteen thousand seasonal workers. That's not really that many people. It sounds like a lot, compared to modern projects, but cities, even in those days, usually consisted of many more, and these seasonal workers came from the entire kingdom, not just that particular city.

Ancient Egypt had plenty of wood on hand. That is what they built their barges, their furniture, pretty much all their daily devices from. Wood from construction was available, but not used as heavily. They were not used to transport stone; wood has very little torsional strength, and would have spiral splintered long before they would have worn down. Stone, as shown on pictures of the time, was transported by sled, which did not have the problem that rollers would have, that of sinking into the sand. Track were lined with a type of clay that harden in the sun rather quickly, but when wet, it became slippery. Sleds were pulled with two men in the front, wetting down the clay as the sled moved forward, allowing the sled to move easily. Ramps were made mostly of dirt, with wood only used to support and frame.

Most of the stones used in the construction of the pyramids were from the immediate area (some even came from a section of the plateau that would later be used as a niche for the Sphynx). Some more specialized blocks did come from farther distances, but these were generally the lighter and more easily handled cover pieces, or single structures, such as the lintels over the King's chamber. Their transportation was one of the impressive feats of engineering, equal in terms of technological achievement to the invention of the crawler that moves the space shuttle into position.

One ingenius aspect of "How were they lifted onto the ships" depicts the cleverness of the ancient egyptians. They didn't lift the stones onto the ship; they lowered the ship to the stones! They filled the ships with sand till they settled on the bottom, even with the shore. The stones were simply pushed and pulled onto the ship, then the sand was removed, floating up and taking the stones with it. Ingenius!

Asking someone to explain things tin ways that make perfect sense isn't going to help. What makes perfect sense to me isn't going to make perfect sense to you, simply because we have deifferent frames of reference. If, however, you are willing to do some research on your own, I will be happy to fill in any aspects that you have questions about.

There would be some really big problems with trying to duplicate these structures today. If it were merely a matter of quarrying, transporting and lifting the stone into position then these problems could be overcome or worked around. But putting these into intimate contact in all the passageways and chambers so that they are air-tight is well beyond our ability. It would probably require many decades of intensive effort to redevelope this technology.

There was some reason that the ancients learned how to do this. It must have required extra dressing and time as evidenced by the fact that only the chambers and passageways are air-tight. This would also imply that there is some reason that these need to be built this way. While the quick answer may be that it had some sort of religious significance, this doesn't work because even the "workmens escape route" is water tight.

The quarry is just a little south of the pyramid. It is horseshoe shaped and exactly alligned with the pyramid. The open ends of the horseshoe are pointed toward the structure and it ramps up toward the pyramid. There is not enough room for a ramp.

I always come back to the fact that the sand found in the "queens chamber" is finer and unlike the sand in the area. This is entirely consistent with the means and the source of the water they used to build this. It is even consistent with why these structures were abandoned. The alternative would seem to be that they imported sand to a desert in order to built these structures. It is far easier to believe that the water flowed naturally and carried the finest sand from its source (Lake Moeris) to the lower distribution node (the queen's chamber).

What are you basing that on? What leads you to believe we are incapable of creating tight seems in stonework? We can do it in pretty much every other material, why not stone?

The Egyptians were hardly the only one capable of this. Dozens of ancient civilization developed their masonry abilities to this level.



Actually, the reason is a bit more pragmatic than that. The reason the seams on the gallery sections are of such high tolerances (claiming they are air or water tight implies a purpose that hasn't been shown to exist), is simply because these are force bearing structures. Unlike the core of the stone, which is load bearing but which can (and does) make use of fill to fill in and disperse pressure in the gaps, the corridor walls need to fit perfectly, so that the force, the weight of the entire stone structure over it, is dispersed evenly through the entire face. If there was a slight bump in the seam, all the weight would focus on that bump, and it would crush, compromising the strength of the stone, either causing a failure of the block, or at the very least, an inelegant chipping. It is the same reason why modern day ceramic or porcelain tiles cannot be laid with the ends touching unless the edge has been finished smooth; if there is an uneven section, it will chip from the force of the expanding tile (in this case, it is thermal expansion, not weight, that is providng the force, but the effect is the same).

I read some where that enough stone was used in the construction to put a wall around an area the size of France, six feet high and three feet thick. (don't ask where i have no idea but I remember reading it)
Now even if the amount of stone used was less than what I read its still a logistical nightmare. My position has always been the Pyramids were made by man, I've just always disagreed with which group of men did it.

I've heard it repeated many times that this technology is lost. I don't really know this to be true and am certainly no expert in masonry. There's no doubt we can build such things but it seems doubtful we can make them of dressed stone.

None of the facts proves that this crackpot theory is correct. Most of the things necessary to prove it correct are not known to be facts. The beauty of the theory is simply that it can tie together all the known facts and make them plausible. It shows the practical joke of burying a boat on site and hints at the very reason all this work was done. It shows how it can be a progression starting with virtual cavemen standing in awe at rushing water and evolving to a complex civilization which might have been the model for others.

Obviouly Occam's razor can hardly establish something as truth and this goes many times over where the hard evidence is scanty, but real evidence can be found and this theory quickly confirmed or tossed aside. If true then there should be a natural cavern at or near the bottom of the pit in the underground chamber. The organic material found in the joints under the bottom of the grand gallery should be far older than the organic material from any other place in the pyramid. (~3500 BC). The sand from the queens chamber area should be the smallest fraction of the sand from twenty feet deep around the edges of "Lake Moeris".

Even the pit in the grotto should contain a great deal of organic material (Petrie complained of the smell here) and this material should date from the earliest construction of the great pyramid. (not the first pyramid). This pit should eventually lead back to the descending or lower passage, or even to the pit in the underground chamber.

If the theory holds water than the amount of wealth that this work represents would be immense. The value of the crops grown in the desert could be nearly equal to what was grown in the equivalent area of the valley and was essentially all surplus. There would even be fish in the water to feed the workmen and supplement diets. With the huge amount of organic material in the floods there would be huge numbers of fish and their numbers would likely increase as the flood began to recede and fish searched farther afield for food and ended up in the queens chamber.

This area may have ended up a city for the dead but it seems improbable it started that way. While information about the surroundin desert on the internet is sketchy at best, it's obvious that at some time in the past the land was used much more extensively than it is now.

[quote name='aquatus1' date='Nov 10 2006, 04:04 PM' post='1422119']
What are you basing that on? What leads you to believe we are incapable of creating tight seems in stonework? We can do it in pretty much every other material, why not stone?

"What are you basing that on? What leads you to believe we are incapable of creating tight seems in stonework? We can do it in pretty much every other material, why not stone?


No you are wrong - the Ancient Egyptians knew exactly what they were doing and they built the entire Pyramid edifice to be water-tight.
Limestone is easy to cut and dress, we know that copper chisels can cut and dress it easily. But not so for the harder rock that the Egyptians used for instance Granite. They could cut and dress Granite as easily as Limestone, but NOT with copper chisels. Even today with all our modern technology, cutting and dressing Granite is a time consuming process and I defy any stone mason to replicate what the ancient Egyptians were capable of in the time they took with a copper chisel.
Again it does not make sense that they should go to the extraordinary lengths to dress off Granite blocks weighing many more tons than the facing limestone - to perfection. Granite is indeed an excellent load bearing material but it is certainly not necessary to dress off the sides and top so finely that when placed together they become almost seamless. A side gap filled with cement (yes theAncient Egyptians did develop an excellent hydraulic cement) actually makes more sense in order to compensate for slight movements due to temperature changes or settling. Modern buildings constructed from Clay brick do not require the bricks to be placed together seamlessly in order to bear the load from above and in countless later buildings constructed from solid stone blocks the builders did not think it necessary to dress off the blocks to such an extent that they fitted together perfectly. One only needs to consider the numerous massive castles ect built thru later ages around the world.
There is however one reason that must be considered: a building constructed of stone blocks that fit together perfectly not only can be watertight but remarkably earthquake -proof. One only needs to look at the Earthquake resistance abilities of the hundreds of stone constructions produced by the ancient Central and South Americans and of course, despite the hundreds of Earthquakes that have occurred in Egypt since the Pyramids were built little damage has been suffered by them when all around,less precisely built constructions collapsed to ruin.

Fantazum:

It's interesting that you mention granite.

The "sarcophagus" in the "king's chamber" is made of granite. It is a single piece of rock which was hollowed out and placed in this chamber before the pyramid was complete. (it's too big to fit through the door). We would take weeks to build such a thing with modern tools and would wear out large numbers in the process. We don't really know how they made this thing.

There's no evidence there was ever anything in it or that it was really broken. There no lid to be found and there are some small holes in the back.

I find it fascinating that there was exactly as much stone removed as was left. Half the volume of the stone was taken out. Also it looks as though "the break" on it would allow half the volume of water in it to escape. I don't have the exact dimensions but it looks as though flow would decrease by half each time the height above the bottom of the break decreased by half.

I'm not so sure this thing is broken. They might be trying to tell us something.

Well, I have a different take on things. I think the pyramids were built by giants, and I'm not trying to be funny. For the Giants that roamed the ancient lands, the bricks used to make the pyramids would've been like child's building blocks.

http://ashiana.conforums.com/index.cgi

~ Isis

I'm not trying to make fun of you, But i really don't think there is anyway this could have happen, also the Egyption's keep complete record's and if gaint's had built them they have no reason to try and hide it.. Also we have the bodies of many of the tomb builder's that where buried close to the site's they help build....

With that said, I believe everyone has a right to their own idea's and that no one would should make fun of you....But what i don't understand is where you came up with this idea, The link you have posted wont open so i can't read it....

I have also heard this idea about other culture's but never about Egypt.... Do you think this cause of the size of the stone's they moved to build the great temple's or are you basing this on the book of Enich where it's believe the fallen angel's came to earth and mated with the human women and supposely had gaint children?.....

I'm not sure how much you know about the history of Egypt, But it be nice to talk to you and find out more about what you think....

Isis

You are saying that the Great Pyramid could be built in the modern era in three years.
Assuming 24 hour, 7 day, 365 days a year shift cover. You are saying that the 2,500,000 blocks, averaging 2.5 tons each, can be quarried, measured, cut, transported sixty miles and put into place at an average rate of one block every 40 seconds or so.

I have to ask you what you actually know about the Great Pyramid because I think you have severely underestimated it as a feat of architecture.

What am I wrong about? I said being water(or air)-tight hasn't been shown to be the purpose for tight seams, and it hasn't.



Of course not. Fine dressing isn't done with chisels, copper or otherwise.



No, it doesn't, and they didn't. All pyramids, including the Great pyramid, have been shown to have a core consiting of roughly hewed granite, with gaps filled in with tightly packed rubble fill.



Yes, there is. It is necessary to dress the meeting edges when you are creating a presentation edge. The reason for this is because without a rectified edge, chipping or uneveness can occur which will cause a either a failure of the block (since it has at least one face which is unsupported, since it is facing nothing but air), or at the very least, an ugly chipping). If the block isn't going to be seen, then you don't need a dressed edge.



The current theory is that it was made in the same manner that all other granite coffers (ar any stone coffer) was made. It did indeed take weeks, which is why they are so rare, and the amount of copper worn out was so large that they had to have an army of coppersmiths on hand, sharpening and creating tools. The process is as straightforward as it is tedious, and other than the equiptment used, hasn't really changed all that much. Essentially, a series of deep strips is chiseled into the stone. The walls between them are broken off, and the rough edges finished.



I've never heard this claim, or any of the measurements you are talking about. It's been a long time since I've seen it, but I don't remember it that way. Do you have a source for these claims, to look at?



Not really, no. Where did you get these numbers? What are they based on?



I'm hardly an expert, but I have a background in architecture and engineering, and I have been at the unvolved mysteries game for awhile to have had a great deal of exposure to the great Pyramids, and I do have a general interest in their methods of construction. I think you'll find I'm fairly knowledgable.

I just listened to an interview with one of my favorite guests, researcher writer Steve Quayle who has been researching giants for 34 years. Let me repeat this; he has been researching giants for 34 years. He says these remains of giants, as well as ancient accounts of giants come from every part of the world, and in his own words "every nook and cranny."

When there are extensive accounts of 23-foot-tall giants, and some got to be 30-40 feet tall, how can we brush off the possibility of these huge ancient monuments as not being created by giants. In 1699 King William invited William Joyce to Kensington Palace. The king had a weight made especially for Joyce. William Joyce was able to lift the one ton weight, he could also uproot large trees by their roots. The king also put teams of horses with a rope attached to Joyce. The horses could not pull William Joyce, and he was only about 9 feet tall. So you can imagine the strength of those giants who were 23 or 40 feet tall.

http://ashiana.conforums.com/index.cgi

~ Isis

http://www.stevequayle.com/Giants/UK/UK5.html

There is a Roman temple in Lebanon at Baalbek. It was built on much earlier foundations, foundations comprised of gigantic dressed stones weighing some 600 tons+. The quarry from which these stones were cut still exists and in that quarry are two cut stones weighing in excess of 1000 tons!!!!
Modern technology could move these stones but it would require the most sophisticated of our lifting machines and a great deal of preparatory work on the ground to shif them the mile or so from the quarry to the actual site of construction.
Now tell me....how could the original builders of the Temple have possibly moved those stones?

Flinders-Petrie examined the sarcophagus closely and he came to conclusion that any cutting tool used on the original block would require a pressure of two tons per square inch.
There is absolutely no way that copper chisels could have been used and even modern drill bits have been shown to wear out within 8 minutes attempting to cut the same material. Only diamond tipped drills can be used economically. later examination of the Sarcophagus discovered that it had been cut to a precision that is quite remarkable even by today's standards.
We know that the Sarcophagus was placed in situ before the Pyramid was completed and indeed there is no evidence that it ever had a lid so what purpose did it serve?

Actually there is evidence that the builders wanted an air-tight environment for the internal chambers thru the fact that one of the prime requirements for the preservation of any dressed corpse placed in the chamber is an atmosphere of zero humidity.

And again I must emphasise that it is not necessary for blocks to be perfectly squared -off in order to be good load members. cement placed in the joints acts as a buffer as has been proven beyond doubt in millions of massive constructions. Once a layer of cement is applied between the blocks any rough edges are covered and compensated for by the cement ....the blocks cannot chip or crack unless of course the builders have miscalculated the loads placed on them.

Hi fantazum:

Have you ever read "Flying Serpents and Dragons" by R. A. Boulay? It is truly one of the best books I've ever read. In that book, he talks about Baalbek in detail.

I recommend the book to everyone.

http://ashiana.conforums.com/index.cgi

~ Isis

This is certainly one point of view. I personally am in the camp who considers it a coincidence, since dry, humidity-free atmosphere is a daily part of Egyptian life, and that the facework on the stones would still have tight seams, regardless of whether they wanted an air-tight room or not. In other words, nothing would change in the construction whether the intent was to create a dry atmosphere or not.



It is not necessary for blocks to be perfectly squared-off in order to be good load members, and I already said that. The Egyptians did not use cement in the construction of the Great Pyramid, but the rubble fill they used had pretty much the same effect of dispersing the load. The only times you need rectified edges is when the face is exposed, because when the face is exposed, you have at least one face which has no support on it, and that means that any force applied to it has an easy out. The rough-hewed stones making up the center of the pyramid only needed to be fairly square, enough to not be off-balanced. any crushing or chipping they experienced would be largely inconsequential, since they wouldn't be seen.

I don't know which numbers you want so I'll give you these...
The Pyramid was measured in 1880 by Sir Flinders Petrie, it is 146.5 metres tall and 231metres square at the base.
The Pyramid is solid apart from the Chambers, Galleries and the passageways leading to them.
The density of limestone is 2,611 kg per cubic metre.
The volume of a pyramid is the area of the base multiplied by the height divided by 3.
Multiply the density by the volume and you get the mass which is approximately 6.8 million tonnes.
Take away the volume of the internal spaces and you can reduce that to say 6,250,000 tonnes for a nice round number.
The average mass of the visible blocks is 2.5 tonnes so lets assume that is the average mass of all the unseen blocks too.
Divide the mass of the Pyramid, 6,250,000 tonnes, by 2.5 tonnes per block and you get 2,500,000 blocks.
The actual number of blocks can never be known without dismantling the Pyramid.
Now divide 2,500,000 by three years, then 365 days per year, then 24 hours a day and then 60 minutes per hour and you get to the figure I suggested.
One block laid every 40 seconds (ish).
This would be impressive enough, laying these blocks not much slower than a brickie can knock up a gaden wall. But can he incorporate the 60 metre long decsending passageway, straight within a 6 mm deviation, 1.15 metre square with 1/2 mm accuracy. Not to mention the other passageways and galleries build to similar high standards.
Oh and the dimensions of the four sides of the Pyramid are;
230.25 m for the North side, 230.38 m for the East side, 230.44 m for the South side and 230.35 m for the West. That's a maximum deviation of 105 mm from the mean. And the four corners are less than half a minute of a degree off square.
Like I said... you have severely underestimated the Pyramid builders.

Haven't had a chance to cross-check your numbers (particularly the equation used to derive the volume of the pyramid), but I'll assume that it is correct.

One block laid every 40 seconds.

Do you consider that impossible? Or even difficult?

If you are suggesting that with modern building techniques the Great Pyramid can be constructed in modern times then I can agree, possibly so. But within three years... No way!
The limestone used in the Pyramid came from quarries 60 miles away but the granite came from Aswan which I believe is around 500 miles away. Some of the heavy blocks are as much as 70 tonnes, some 40 tonnes. There are plenty of blocks weighing in at 10, 15 and 20 tonnes so we aren't talking about a pile of equal sized house bricks here. The logistics of this construction would be a nightmare. The Chambers, Galleries and passageways are built into it, not carved afterwards. It was built in one go from bottom to top.
I said 40 seconds a block on a 24 hour, 7 day, 365 day shift system. however, using modern methods, 40 tonne lorries (that would be 160,000 lorry loads of stone blocks by the way) and cranes, a 10 hour working day, 6 days a week with holidays. My personal estimate would be between 25 and 35 years.
So to say impossible, yes within 3 years, absolutely impossible. Not impossible full stop. Difficult.... er, just a bit!!!

I did say that most of the three years would be logistics. We are agreed that the actual construction, the engineering and specs involved, don't represent any sort of problem, correct? This is just about supply logistics? Remember the original claim was that the actual building was beyond our ability, not about how long it would take. Don't want to derail this too much.



Ahh...that's not what I have heard about the pyramid. To the best of my knowledge, the vast majority of the pyramid came from the Khufu quarry, which is a stones throw (heh) from the pyramid, about 500 yards southwest(?). A few specific pieces came from elsewhere, but no, not the majority.



Well, here is where it gets a bit tricky. One can find all sorts of weights, which is odd, considering this should be something fairly easily deduced. That the heaviest stones are the ones above the King's Chamber is not in question, but the weight estimates range from a mere 9 tons to over 80. Quite a range! Regardless, even assuming the biggest block to be 80 tons, it is still nothing beyond what a good double lift from a couple of standar boom cranes can accomplish.

If we are talking about replicating the pyramids, as opposed to using modern building technology to save ourselves a lot of pain, it would still be something far easier for us to do that it was for the ancient Egyptians.



Hardly a nightmare. It would certainly have to be done, but it isn't that difficult to plan ahead of time. I'm not sure why you think it would be easier to carve later than to build during. It would actually be the opposite; if you were to carve it afterwards, you begin risking a collapse due to the blocks (held in place by gravity, collapsing.



No more so than any other building project, and easier than most. Frankly, the only problem that comes up is getting the stone, and the vast majority of it right next door. The actual engineering isn't an issue, once the stone is there.

hello i'm new to this forum. i also interested in this subject. i heard planty of theories on this, i have a few movies on this subject(dokumentaries). i heard thepry that pyramids were not build with solid rocks but with a concrete, molded into forms at the spot.(i can't say i agree to that) but in the movie it shows that some bloks were found unfinished and had tool markings on them, a stone was abou 4 feet acros had a cut thicknes of the cut was 2mm, so the crew contacted a stone cuting factory, modern tools can cut thru 4 feet thick stone a huge diamod blade has to be at least 10-12 mm thick, how it was cut back than with 2mm cutting tool is a mystery, also some blocks were not from lime stone but granit and bazalt, tools that egypt had at that time(copper, iron) cant be used to cut those stones they are softer than stones.

Completely wrong again. Different Limestone was used for different purposes and came from different quarries :
"Coarse limestone, used for the core masonry, appears to have been quarried from the immediate vicinity of each pyramid. Quarries have been located at Giza around the Sphinx, southeast of the Pyramid of Menkaure, and south-east of the Pyramid of Khafre. Fine limestone, used for the exterior casing stones, and for lining the passages and chambers, appears to have mainly come from the region around Tura, southeast of Cairo. However, there are no direct references to this quarry until the Middle Kingdom. Alabaster appears as flooring in the Pyramid and Valley Temple of the Pyramid of Khafre.

Granite was used in the interiors of all three of the pyramids of Giza, most notably in the King’s Chamber in the Great Pyramid. Granite also lines the Valley Temple of Khafre, makes up the casing stones of the first sixteen courses of the of the Pyramid of Menkaure, and the lower courses of the Pyramid of Khafre. Red granite also lines the north corridor of the Pyramid Temple of Menkaure. Nearly all of the granite apparently came from the area around Aswan and Elephantine Island, a distance of 500 miles. Each of the red granite blocks used in the King's Chamber ceiling and the chambers above it are estimated to weigh 50 tons—as much as a locomotive.

Basalt was used for the paving stones, still visible, in the Pyramid Temple of Khufu. It may have come from a quarry in the Faiyum, west of Dahshur. Diorite, an extremely hard, greenish brown stone, was mainly used for statues. The statue of Khafre, found in a shaft in the Valley Temple of Khafre, is of diorite.

Petrie found partial edging stones near the Great Pyramid, indicating that the satellite pyramids may have been edged in diorite."
Source: http://www.theglobaleducationproject.org/e...ide/6stone.html

*The internal temperature of the King's chamber has been recorded at varying only slightly from 68f regardless of the season.Humidity has been recorded at near 10% and this only due to the Chamber now being ventilated from the outside.
*regarding construction times: the work gangs could only work thru parts of the year which was generally the period during the Nile flood. The construction of the great Pyramids was certainly not a 365 day operation.

Talking with you is such a charm

You can't concede that I got a single thing right? Sheesh! Since when are we talking about temples? What part of the title of this thread did you miss?

When all is said and done, your post pretty much agrees with mine, despite claiming that I'm completly wrong. The vast majority came from the immediate area. Casing stones came from other parts.

I was under the impression that most of that humidity was due to the traffic going through the pyramids.



Okay.

The ancient Egyptians did develop a form of extremely effective cement and it was used in the construction of the Great Pyramids. There is no evidence that they could mould cement into square blocks ...but who knows? We suspect that tubular drills were used in the construction of many Ancient Egyptian works of art and even the Sarcophagus in the King's chamber within the Great Pyramid shows marks from what appear to be tubular cutting tools, but no material evidence has ever been found that proves tubular cutting tools and lathes were used.

Here are some facts and figures about the construction of the Great Pyramids which you may find astounding. To read the rest follow the link at the bottom of the extract.

"18:xiii] To date, archaeologists have located 98 pyramids in Egypt, all of which are located on the West Bank of the Nile. None on East side.

[18:245] - The Great Pyramid has been dated as circa 2770 B.C.

[11:161] - The pyramid was built in 2623 B.C.

[68:35] - The pyramid was built circa 2450 B.C. according to star alignment data for the 4 air shafts of the King and Queen's chambers.

[117:306] - In 1986 a study was conducted in which mortar samples were collected for carbon-14 dating. Two samples were tested at the Southern Methodist University in Dallas and thirteen samples were tested in labs in Zurich using an accelerator. The resulting dates give an age of somewhere between 3809 B.C. and 2869 B.C., a figure which is some 400-500 years older than dates accepted by the majority of egyptologists.

[117:116] - In video footage of the robotic exploration of the northern shaft of the Queen's Chamber two small objects are visible: a metallic hook and a small baton of wood. Retrieval of the wool would be invaluable for additional carbon dating.

[14:75] - At the time the pyramid was built there was no written language (only hieroglyphics).

[11:150] - The pyramid is the most comprehensively surveyed building in the world.

[14:70] - The Giza Plateau has a fairly level granite bedrock base, in essence, a flat topped mountain. Other regions near the Great Pyramid could not have supported the immense weight of the structure.

[70:68] - The Great Pyramid is at the northern edge of the Giza plateau and close to the cliff there. Much of the rubble and debris from construction was dumped over the cliff and actually acts to strengthen the cliff from crumbling due to the tremendous weight and closeness of the Great Pyramid.

[14:40] - There is so much stone mass in the pyramid that the interior temperature is constant and equals the average temperature of the earth, 68 degrees Fahrenheit.

[14:60] - The pyramid is estimated to have 2,300,000 stone blocks weighing from 2-30 tons each with some weighing as much as 70 tons.{conflicts with [5:20]}

[5:20] - Computer calculations estimate 590,712 stone blocks used in construction.

[11:143] - Two types of limestone were used for construction. A soft limestone either pure or nummulitic was used for the bulk of the core blocks and a hard white limestone for the mantle. Hard limestone becomes more polished with age.

[11:139] - The base of the pyramid covers 13.6 acres with each side greater than 5 acres in area.

[14:76] - The outer mantle was composed of 144,000 casing stones, all highly polished and flat to an accuracy of 1/100th of an inch, about 100 inches thick and weighing about 15 tons each with nearly perfect right angles for all six sides. also [11:146]

[5:52] - Computer calculations indicated 40,745 casing stones were used averaging 40 tons each before the face angle was cut.

[18:71] - The average casing stone on the lowest level was 5 ft. long by 5 ft. high by 6 ft. deep and weighed 15 tons.

[14:78] - The casing stones weighing as much as 20 tons were placed with an accuracy of 5/1000ths of an inch, and an intentional gap of about 2/100ths of an inch for mortar.

[5:52] - Assuming 590,712 blocks and a build time of 20 years an average of 81 blocks per day would need to be placed. Using 10 work crews per side of the pyramid, each work crew would need to place 2 blocks per day.

[14:79] - The mortar used is of an unknown origin. It has been analyzed and it's chemical composition is known but it can't be reproduced. It is stronger than the stone and still holding up today.

[14:74] - The cornerstone foundations of the pyramid have ball and socket construction capable of dealing with heat expansion and earthquakes. Click to see a diagram

[4:5] - The four corner sockets are at different heights. The vertical distance between the highest and lowest is 17 inches. The reference point known as the "mean socket level", or base level, is generally used as the reference for height and perimeter measurements.

[4:5] - The "sidereal socket level" is the mean of just the SW and SE socket heights.

[11:151] - The length of a base is 9131 PI from corner to corner in a straight line.

[4:5] - The length of a base side at the base socket level is 9131 pyramid inches or 365.24 pyramid cubits.

[4:5] - The length of a base side at sidereal socket level is 9131.4 pyramid inches or 365.256+ pyramid cubits.

[4:7] - The length of the perimeter at the sidereal socket level is 36525.63629+ pyramid inches.

[4:9] - 201 complete courses of masonry remain with remnants of 2 more at the summit. The top surface is 5478 pyramid inches above the mean socket level. Another 335 pyramid inches higher is the geometric apex formed by the corner edges of the projected mantle.

[70:151] - The 35th course of stones is roughly 50 inches tall, nearly twice the height of the previous courses. The height of the 35th course = 1162.6 PI from ground or the length of the Antechamber x 10.

[4:10] - The capstone is thought to have been intact about 100 B.C. since no mention of its absence was recorded by the historian Diodorus Siculus.

[14:25] - The capstone of the pyramid is thought to have always been absent. {conflicts with [4:10]}

[4:22] - The capstone is thought to have been an exact replica of the large pyramid on a scale of 1 to sqrt(Pi)/100. The ratio of any corresponding pyramid dimension over the capstone dimension, when multiplied by the square root of Pi equals 100.

[4:11] - The estimated height of the capstone is about 103.03+ pyramid inches and about 6-1/2 cubits on a side.

[14:62] - The height of the pyramid to the missing apex formed by extending the sides is 5813 PI.

[4:7] - The perfect formula height of the pyramid including the missing apex is 5813.2355653763+ PI, calculated from perimeter of base (sidereal socket level) divided by 2 Pi.

[11:151] - The height to the missing apex is 5812.98 PI.

[14:63] - The height of the pyramid without the capstone is 5496 PI. {conflicts with [4:9]}

Click for larger picture

[14:28] - The four faces of the pyramid are slightly concave, the only pyramid to have been built this way.

[18:65] - The centers of the four sides are indented with an extraordinary degree of precision forming the only 8 sided pyramid. The effect is not visible from the ground or from a distance but only from the air, and then only under the proper lighting conditions.

[18:310] - The 5 angles of the Great Pyramid are: edge to edge of face at apex = 76:17:13.2 (deg,min,sec), edge to diagonal edge at apex = 96:3:0.0, dihedral or face to face parallel to base = 112:25:39.4, edge to base = 41:59:50.5, face to base = 51:51:14.3. The face to base angle is the angle of the casing stones.

[11:161] - The Great Pyramid is the only pyramid to have chambers above ground level. {not true, for example Bent Pyramid of Sneferu (Khufu's father), Red pyramid at Dashur}

[18:310] - The volume of the pyramid is: V = 1/3 base area x height = 161,559,817,000 cubic PI = 10,339,828.3 cubic pyramid cubits. {(5813.2355653 PI)/3 * 9131 PI * 9131 PI}

[0:1] - The length of the Great Pyramid's corner edges are 8688.00 PI.

[0:2] - The slant face height of the Great Pyramid's sides are 7391.72 PI.

[0:3] - The area of the base covers 13.3 acres or 83,375,161 sq. PI.

[0:4] - The area of each face covers 5.4 acres or 33,743,610 sq PI.

[14:46] - The angle of the Descending Passage is 26 deg, 18 min, 9.5 sec or about 26.30 degrees.

[11:151] - The passages are straight to within 0.013 in. per 100 ft.

Descending Passage.Click on pic for full size

[4:162] - The dimensions of the Descending Passage are 4535 PI in length, 41.524 PI in width, and 36.197 PI in height.

[4:97] - The length of the Ascending passage from the junction of the Descending Passage to the Grand Gallery is 1543.46451 PI.

[4:96] - The length of the Grand Gallery is 1881.5985600+ PI, and its width just above the ramp stones is 82.41 PI.

[11:165] - Grand Gallery is 28 feet high by 1881-1/3 PI long.

[4:97] - The length of the horizontal passage to the Queen's Chamber is 1521.31136 PI.

[102:12] - The name "Queen's Chamber" is considered a misnomer by Egyptologists since no queens have ever been found in pharaoh's pyramids.

[4:94] - The volume of the Queen's Chamber is 9,963,200 cubic PI.

[70:140] - Dimensions of the King's Chamer in PI: 412.132 x x 230.243 H

[14:39] - Dimensions of the King's Chamber in PI: 413 L x 206 W x 228 H {conflicts with [36:266]}

[4:266] - Height of King's Chamber is 230.388 PI.

[70:119] - The lowest course of blocks in the King's Chamber appears 5 PI shorter than the rest because the floor is raised above the base of the walls. The height of the walls is then 235.243 PI.

[4:12] - There are 100 blocks making up the walls of the King's Chamber in 5 courses.

[4:221] - Antechamber to King's Chamber: 116.26471 PI length (103.03292 PI is granite), 149.44644 PI high

[4:255] - Coffer measurements: volume = 71250 cubic PI, interior length = 77.8141353+ PI, interior width = 26.6836336+ PI, interior depth = 34.3147946+ PI, exterior length (at top) = 89.94438003 PI, exterior length (at bottom) 89.6578860 PI, exterior width = 38.67063162 PI, exterior height = 41.21316892, side and end thickness = 5.99349900 PI, bottom thickness = 6.89837429 PI.

[39:68] - The granite coffer in the King's Chamber is too big to fit through the passages and so it must have been put in place during construction.

[11:159] - Microscopic analysis of the coffer reveals that it was made with a fixed point drill that used hard jewel bits and a drilling force of 2 tons.

[70:111] - The coffer was sawed out of a block of solid granite. This would have required bronze saws 8-9 ft. long set with teeth of sapphires. Hollowing out of the interior would require tubular drills of the same material applied with a tremendous vertical force.

[18:110] - Although the walls of the Queen's Chamber are of finished stone, the floor is rough and unfinished. Many believe the room to have been abandoned as the intended pharaoh's burial room as the King's Chamber was completed. The horizontal passage to the Queen's Chamber still bears faint red ocher construction lines along its entire 150 foot length. The horizontal passage is also rough and unfinished.

[18:110] - The Queen's Chamber has a gabled roof and the King's Chamber a flat roof. It was long a custom for Egyptians to bury their women in rooms with gabled roofs but to bury men in rooms with flat ceilings.

[42:65] - The casing stones for the Great Pyramid were cut in quarries from Tura and Masara located on the east bank of the Nile on outskirts of Cairo.

[18:72] - The Great Pyramid had a swivel door entrance at one time. Swivel doors were found in only two other pyramids: Khufu's father and grandfather, Sneferu and Huni, respectively.

[11:157] - It is reported that when the pyramid was first broken into that the swivel door, weighing some 20 tons, was so well balanced that it could be opened by pushing out from the inside with only minimal force, but when closed, was so perfect a fit that it could scarcely be detected and there was not enough crack or crevice around the edges to gain a grasp from the outside.

[102:9] - The original entrance was located on the north face, about 49 feet above the base and 24 feet east of the central axis of the north face.

[18:82] - The Grand Gallery contains two grooves, one in the east wall and one in the west wall. They are 7 inches high, 1 inch deep, and 5 inches up from the 3rd overlapping corbel. They run the entire length of the gallery. Click for a diagram

[68:45] - Of all the pyramids, only the Great Pyramid has "air shafts". The King's Chamber has 2, about 5 inches in diameter which connect to the exterior. The Queen's Chamber has 2 which stopped just short of the walls of the chamber and which do not penetrate completely to the exterior. The cross section of these shafts are sometimes oval, sometimes domed, and sometimes rectangular. Click to see a diagram

[14:58] - There are no hieroglyphics or writings in the Great Pyramid. The only symbols are some graphics on the wall of the Room of Chaos.

[117:102] - "Quarry Marks" exist in the relieving chambers above the King's Chamber, including one mark which is reported to indicate Khufu, the pharaoh under whose reign the Great Pyramid was built. One source suggests that these quarry marks were faked by Howard Vyse in 1837. The reasons give are many, but the main ones are: These marks appear only in the 4 relieving chambers opend by Vyse and not in the original relieving chamber opened by Davison in 1765. Vyse's diary for that day described a thorough examination of the relieving rooms but no mention of the hieroglyphics and quarry marks. The marks were mentioned only the next day, when Vyse returned with witnesses. There are problems with the hieroglyphics in that they are a mixture of styles and syntax/usage from differing time periods of Egypt. And finally, in the marks bearing Khufu's name, mistakes were made. Those same mistakes occur in the only two hieroglyphics references that would have been available to Vyse at that time.

[102:154] - Each of the ceiling stones in the Grand Gallery were individually removable. The Great Pyramid could have functioned as a stellar observatory during its construction.

[70:302] - There are 36 ceiling stones in the roof of the Grand Gallery.

[4:258] - Taking average earth density as 1.0, the average density of the core limestone blocks is 0.412, the limestone casing blocks is 0.367, the granite of the King's Chamber is 0.479.

[4:258] - The estimate for the average density of the pyramid as a whole, taking into account the different type and quantities of stone as well as the hollow chambers is 0.4078994+ times that of the average earth density (taken as 1.0).

[117:112] - In 1872, Waynmon Dixon was opening the shafts of the Queen's chamber, which originally stopped 5 inches short of the final block in the walls of the Queen's Chamber. In the northern shaft, he found three items: a rough stone sphere, a small two pronged hook made out of some metal, and a fine piece of cedar wood some 12" long with some strange notches cut into it. These were sent to England a short time later and were lost until 1993, when they were re-located in storage in the British Museum. The wood, however, was missing.



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SECRET ROOMS
click on thumbnail for the large shot

[68:173] - Sixty-five meters up the southern shaft of the Queen's Chamber is a miniature portcullis slab discovered by a robotic camera in 1993. Attached are two copper fittings, one broken. This area of the shaft is lined with Tura limestone, which is typically used in pyramids only for lining chambers.

[18:103] - In the King's Chamber all of the stone joints are very tight except in the lower left-hand corner of the west wall. Here the joints are larger than normal and covered by mortar. This is a strong indication of an opening to another chamber or passage. The Egyptian government has refused requests for further exploration. See a diagram

[18:104] - In 1986 a French team using microgravimeter equipment detected small hidden cavities behind the west wall of the horizontal passage to the Queen's Chamber. They were permitted to bore a 1" diameter hole and found a cavity filled with sand. They were not permitted to dig or tunnel for further investigation.

[18:105] - The cavities in the horizontal passage to the Queen's Chamber correspond to two floor stones in this passageway with joints perpendicular to the rest of the joints in the floor stones. This type of indicator can also be found at the junction of the descending and ascending passageways.

[18:276] - About 70 feet along the north side of the Great Pyramid from the northeast corner is a 4x10 ft stone sunk into the foundation at an angle. The joints are very precise and this is the only stone in the foundation perimeter not at a right angle to normal construction. It would have been covered by the mantle but is now accessible since the mantle is gone. It is very likely an entrance. No further investigation has been done. See a diagram

[14:72] - It has long been believed that the Sphinx had subterranean tunnels leading to each of the three major pyramids. In October, 1994, a passage leading to a subterranean area beneath the Sphinx was re-discovered. Further investigation is expected in February of 1995.

[88:101] - In 1987 a Japenese team used an electromagnetic wave method to search for cavities in the Great Pyramid. They identified a cavity under the horizontal passage to the Queen's Chamber about 1.5 meters beneath and extending for 2.5-3.0 meters in depth. They also identified a cavity behind the western part of the northern wall of the Queen's Chamber. They identified no cavities within the King's chamber, possibly due to the denser granite walls. Three potential cavities were identified in the area of the Sphinx.

[117:117] - In 1988 a Japanese team lead by Professor Yoshimura detected a cavity off the Queen's Chamber passageway very near to where the French team drilled in 1986. They also detected a large cavity behind the NW wall of the Queen's Chamber and a sign of a tunnel outside of the pyramid, which appeared to run underneath the structure. Egyptian authorities intervened and halted the project. The team has not been allowed to return to complete the project.

[117:50] - In October of 1992, Professor Jean Kerisal was part of a team conducting ground penetrating radar and microgravimetric measurements in the Pit and horizontal passage connecting the bottom of the descending passage. Results in the Pit were not conclusive but were extremely promising in the horizontal chamber. A structure was detected under the floor of the horizontal passage. A second structures was detected on the western side of the passageway about 6 meters before the entrance to the chamber. Soundings seem to indicate a vertical shaft 1.4 x 1.4 meters and at least 5 meters deep very close to the western wall of the passage. This could be either a natural chamber in the limestone or a completely separate passageway system.



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GEOMETRIC RELATIONS
[14:57] - The information symbolized within the Great Pyramid is repeated multiple times.

[14:13] - The ratio of the diagonal of the pyramid's base to it's height = 20:9

[14:14] - The slope of the angle of the pyramid's corners are in the ratio of 9:10

[14:16] - The length of the Antechamber to the King's Chamber = 1/50th the height of the pyramid.

[14:24] - Value of Pi: The perimeter of the base divided by twice the height = Pi to 5 decimal places {9131*4/5813*2 = 3.141579+}

[18:126] - The relationship of Pi between the circumference and diameter of a circle was thought to have been first reported in 300 B.C. by the Greek mathematician Archimedes.

[70:140] - Value of Pi: The perimeter of the north or south wall of the King's Chamber divided by the length of the wall = Pi {(230.38+5.0+412.12)*2 / 412.12 = 3.14}

[18:126] - Value of Phi: - The ratio of the apothem (face slant height) to half a base side = Phi (1.618). Phi is another transcendental number like Pi which has no exact value (approximate value = 1.6181818...). The unique properties of Phi are that phi +1 = phi squared and also 1 + 1/phi = phi. The Phi ratio is the basis for the Fibonacci sequence 1,1,2,3,5,8,13.,21,34... which was not generally publicized until 1200 A.D.

[18:194] - There is evidence that the Egyptians had worked out a relationship between Pi and Phi of: Pi = 6/5ths of (Phi)**2.

[18:126] - If the height of the pyramid is taken as the radius of a circle, then the circumference of this circle is the same as the perimeter of the base. This provided the complimentary squaring of a circle and circling of a square. The key to this relationship is knowledge of the value of Pi and designing the angle of the pyramid to be exactly 51 degrees, 51 minutes, and 14.3 seconds.

[14:18] - The length of the King's Chamber in pyramid inches used as the diameter of a circle produces a circle with area equal to the area of the base of the pyramid if that area is expressed in Sacred Cubits.

[18:102] - The Pythagorean relationship represented by a 3-4-5 right triangle is displayed in the dimensions of the King's Chamber. The east wall diagonal is 309", the length is 412", and the long central diagonal is 515". However, the Pythagorean relation was not identified until 497 B.C.

[18:102] - In the King's Chamber, the stone over the entrance is the only stone in the walls that is two courses high. It represents a 3-4-5 Pythagorean relationship by its measure of 124"L x 93"H x 155" diagonal.

[4:263] - The coffer's mean length is the same as the width of the King's Chamber minus the length of the antechamber.

[4:265] - The external height of the coffer is 1/10th the length of the King's Chamber.

[4:266] - The top of the coffer has an inset to hold the lid. The inset forms a rectangle of 80.949+ PI by 34.244+ PI. The perimeter of this rectangle is the same as the height of the King's Chamber {230.388 PI}.

[70:109] - The coffer's interior volume is 1/2 of it's exterior volume.



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GEOPHYSICAL AND ASTRONOMICAL RELATIONS
[11:151] - The information encoded into the Great Pyramid is repeated multiple times.

[11:143] - With the mantle in place, the Great Pyramid could be seen from the mountains in Israel and probably the moon as well. It's polished surfaces would have reflected light like a beacon.

[14:59] - Mean Earth Temperature: The average temperature of Egypt equals the average temperature of earth = avg. temperature of Queen's Chamber = 68 degrees Fahrenheit.

[102:122] - With the original surrounding courtyards and temples in place, the pyramid was used as a sundial.

[14:9] - The pyramid was used to indicate solstices and equinoxes.

[4:114] - The pyramid is located at 29 degrees, 58 minutes, 51.06 seconds north latitude, and 31 degrees, 9 minutes, and 0.0 seconds east longitude.

[4:111] - Marks Spring Equinox: Due to the angle of the sides of the pyramid vs. it's latitude, it casts no shadow at noon during the spring equinox.

[14:72] - Aligned True North: The Great Pyramid is the most accurately aligned structure in existence and faces true north with only 3/60th of a degree of error. The position of the North Pole moves over time and the pyramid was probably exactly aligned at one time.

[14:71] - Center of Land Mass: The Great Pyramid is located at the center of the land mass of the earth. The east/west parallel that crosses the most land and the north/south meridian that crosses the most land intersect in two places on the earth, one in the ocean and the other at the Great Pyramid.

[4:5] - Tropical Year or Calendar Year: The length of a base side is 9131 pyramid inches measured at the mean socket level, or 365.24 pyramid cubits, which is the number of days in a year. {9131/25 = 365.24, accurate to 5 digits}

[14:3] - Tropical Year: - The perimeter of the base divided by 100 = 365.24, the number of days in a year. {9131 PI * 4 / 100, accurate to 5 digits}

[14:17] - Tropical Year: The length of the Antechamber used as the diameter of a circle produces a circumference of 365.242. {accurate to 6 digits}

[4:251] - Tropical Year: - The length of the granite portion of the floor of the antechamber to the King's Chamber times 2*sqrt(Pi) = 365.242

[4:96] - Tropical Year: The ratio of the lengths of the Grand Gallery to the solid diagonal of the King's Chamber times 100 equals the number of days in a tropical year. {(1881.5985600 / 51.516461) * 100 = 365.242200, accurate to 8 digits}

[4:222] Sidereal Year: - The length of the antechamber of the King's Chamber times Pi = length of a sidereal year { 116.26471 PI * 3.14159 = 365.25636 days, accurate to 8 digits}

[4:5] - Sidereal Year: The length of a base side at sidereal socket level is 365.256+ pyramid cubits. {accurate to 6 digits}

[4:94] - Synodical Month: The "unit dimension" for the Queen's Chamber is 92.173077+ PI. The number of days in the moon's synodical month can be found from: 10 * U.D. = 10 * Pi * SM - 6, where SM is the days and 6 represents "man's" number. {921.73077 = 10*3.14159*SM - 6, SM = 29.5305882 days = 29days, 12hrs, 44min, 2.76 sec, accurate to 9 digits}

[4:97] - Synodical Month: Ten times the ratio of the lengths of the Grand Gallery to the Horizontal Passage equals the ratio of a tropical year to a synodical month. {10 * (1881.5985600 / 1521.31136) = 1.236826733; 365.2422 / 29.5305882= 1.236826702, the same to 8 digits}

[4:97] - Synodical Month: - The ratio of the lengths of the Grand Gallery to the Ascending Passage is 1/10th the ratio of the day's in the Bible's prophetic year (360) to the days in the moon's synodical month. {1881.5985600 / 1543.46451 = 0.1 * (360/SM), SM = 29.53059357+, accurate to 8 digits}

[14:11] - Mean Distance to the Sun: The height of the pyramid times 10**9 = avg. distance to sun. {5813.2355653 * 10**9 * (1 mi / 63291.58 PI) = 91,848,500 mi}

[14:12] - Mean Distance to the Sun: Half of the length of the diagonal of the base times 10**6 = average distance to the sun

[4:7] - Mean Distance to Sun: The height of the pyramid times 10**9 represents the mean radius of the earth's orbit around the sun, or Astronomical Unit. { 5813.235565376 pyramid inches x 10**9 = 91,848,816.9 miles}

[4:106] - Mean Distance to Moon: ] The length of the Jubilee passage times 7 times 10**7 is the mean distance to the moon. {215.973053 PI * 7 * 10**7 = 1.5118e10 PI = 238,865 miles }

[4:267] - Sun's Radius: Twice the perimeter of the bottom of the granite coffer times 10**8 is the sun's mean radius. { 270.45378502 PI* 10**8 = 427,316 miles}

[14:19] - Earth's Polar Radius: The Sacred Cubit times 10**7 = polar radius of the earth (distance from North Pole to earth's center) {25 PI * 10**7 * (1.001081 in / 1 PI) * (1 ft / 12 in) * (1 mi/ 5280 ft) = 3950 miles }

[117,38] - Earth's Polar Radius: The Pyramid embodies a scale ratio of 1/43200. The height * 43200 = 3938.685 miles, which is the polar radius of the earth to within 11 mi.

[11:153] Radius of the Earth: The curvature designed into the faces of the pyramid exactly matches the radius of the earth.

[117,38] Equatorial Circumference of the Earch: The Pyramid embodies a scale ratio of 1/43200. The perimeter of the base * 43200 = 24,734.94 miles, which is within 170 miles of the equatorial circumference of the earth.

[14:21] - Precession of the Equinoxes: The sum of the pyramid's two base diagonals in PI = length of the Precession of the Equinoxes (~25827 years)

[14:22] - Precession of the Equinoxes: The distance from the ceiling of the King's Chamber to the apex of the pyramid = 4110.5 PI. Which is the radius of a circle whose circumference = the precession of the equinoxes. {4110.5 * 2 * Pi = 25827}

[102:113] - Precession of the Equinoxes: The perimeter of the 35th course of blocks, which is much thicker than any of the other courses, gives a figure for the precession of the equinoxes.

[14:23] - Speed of Earth around the Sun: - The pyramid inch times 10**8 = the speed of the earth around the sun, circa 2600 B.C.

[14:27] Mass of the Earth: The weight of the pyramid is estimated at 5,955,000 tons. Multiplied by 10**8 gives a reasonable estimate of the earth's mass.

[11:153] Average Land Height: The average height of land above sea level for the earth is 5449 inches. This is also the height of the pyramid.

[14:47] - The pyramid suggests a temperature system: 0 = freezing point of water, 50 = unvarying temp of Queen's Chamber, 250 = boiling point of water. Given this, then 1000 = temp of red hot iron, 4000 = temp that iron liquifies, and 5000 = temp of white heat and temp that platinum fuses. Nice round numbers.

[39:45] - 5 cubic pyramid inches of earth of average density has the same mass as 1/(50x50) of the coffer's volume of water at a temperature that is 1/5th the difference between freezing and boiling.

[39:90] - On midnight of the autumnal equinox in the year of the Great Pyramid's completion, a line extending from the apex pointed to the star Alcyone. Our solar system is thought by some to revolve around this star along with other solar systems much like the planets revolve around our sun.

[14:48] - A line drawn on a map from the apex of the pyramid to Bethlehem = angle of the Ascending Passage and crosses the Red Sea at the most likely point that the Israelites crossed when departing Egypt (Parting of the Red Sea).

[14:49] - A line drawn on a map south from the apex of the pyramid at the angle of the Ascending Passage crosses Mount Sinai {Mt. Horeb} (Ten Commandments).

[14:66] - North Star Pointer: The Descending Passage pointed to the pole star Alpha Draconis, circa 2170-2144 B.C. This was the North Star at that point in time. No other star has aligned with the passage since then.

[11:159] - The 344 ft. length of the Descending Passage provides an angle of view of only +/- 1/3 of a degree. Alpha Draconis has not been in alignment for thousands of years. The next alignment will be with the North Star, Polaris, in about 2004 A.D. Polaris in Greek means "Satan".

[68:172] - The southern shaft in the King's Chamber (45 deg, 00 min, 00 sec) pointed to the star Al Nitak (Zeta Orionis) in the constellation Orion, circa 2450 B.C. The Orion constellation was associated with the Egyptian god Osiris. No other star aligned with this shaft during that Epoch.

[68:172] - The northern shaft in the King's Chamber (32 deg, 28 min, 00 sec) pointed to the star Alpha Draconis, circa 2450 B.C.

[68:172] - The southern shaft in the Queen's Chamber (39 deg, 30 min, 00 sec) pointed to the star Sirius, circa 2450 B.C. Sirius was associated with the Egyptian goddess Isis and is also part of a unique ceremony practiced by the African Dogon tribe.

[68:172] - The northern shaft in the Queen's Chamber (39 deg, 00 min, 00 sec) pointed to the star Ursa Minor, circa 2450 B.C.

[68:124] - Pyramids mirror Orion Constellation: The pyramid positions on the ground are a reflection of the positions of the stars in the constellation Orion circa 10,400 B.C. Five of the 7 brightest stars have pyramid equivalents: The 3 great pyramids of Khufu, Khafra, and Menkaura for the belt of Orion, the pyramid of Nebka at Abu Rawash corresponds to the star Saiph, the pyramid at Zawat al Aryan corresponds to the star Bellatrix. The only two missing star positions are for Betelgeuse and Rigel.

[4:17] - The Light Equation: The height of the Great Pyramid, minus the height of the capstone represents one millionth the time it takes light to travel the mean radius of the earth's orbit around the sun (1 astronomical unit) using 1 pyramid inch equals 24 hours (mean solar day). { (5813.2355653 - 103.0369176) / 10**6 = .0057101986+ days = 493.36116 seconds = 8 minutes, 13.36 seconds }

[14:45] - Pyramid as a crystal: If the pyramid were a clear crystal or glass prism, it would reflect sunlight at an angle of about 26.5 degrees. {the descending passing has an angle of about 26.30 degrees}

[4:19] - The Velocity of Light: With distance of one A.U. known and the transit time of light for this same distance the velocity of light can be found. { 91,848,816.9 miles / 493.36+ seconds = 186,169.5 miles/sec }

[4:26] - The Constant of Aberration of Light: - The telescope adjustment due to the speed of the earth as it moves through space when viewing stars. It is measured as an angle of tilt and is 20.2608+ seconds of arc. The difference in width between the upper Grand Gallery and Ascending Passage as measured from an axial line through the center is 20.26 pyramid inches.

[4:30] - The Sun's Parallax: The size of the earth as viewed from the Sun and expressed as an angle and generally taken to be 1/2 the diameter at the equator (Solar Equatorial Parallax) is 8.9008091 seconds of arc using 91,848,817 miles as the mean distance to the sun and 3963.4914 miles as the equatorial radius. The distance between the mean socket level and the height of the leveled bedrock is 8.9008 PI.

[4:258] - Earth's Volume: The product of the pyramid's volume and density times 10**15 equals the ratio of volume to density of the earth. {10,339,823.3 cubic cubits * 0.4078994 * 10**15 = 4.21760772 x 10**21 cubic cubits = 259.93 x 10**9 cubic miles}

[4:266] - Earth's Mass: Mass of the pyramid = volume * density = 10,339,823.3 cubic cubits * 0.4078994 earth density = 4,217,497. The mass converted to pyramid tons = 4217607.72 * 1.25 = 5,272,010 pyramid tons. Since the mean density of the earth was defined as 1.0, then the mass of the earth is 10**15 times the mass in pyramid tons = 5.272 x 10*21 pyramid tons = 5.99 x 10**24 kg

[4:275] - Gaussian Constant of Gravitation (k): The reciprocal of the distance between the Coffer and the north or south wall of the King's Chamber, minus one ten-billionth the bottom perimeter of the Coffer. {(1/58.13235 PI) - ((89.6578860+38.67063162 PI)*2 / 10**10) = 0.017202100 radians = 3 degrees, 5 minutes, 46.96 seconds of arc}



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NUMERICAL RELATIONS
[39:46] - The word "pyramid" is from the Coptic "pyr" meaning division, and "met", meaning ten, "the division of ten".

[14:29] - The difference between the distance of a straight line from corner to corner of the base and the curved line of the concave face is 286.1022, the Displacement Factor (DF)

[14:30] - The ceiling of the Grand Gallery is 286.1 PI higher than the ceiling of the Ascending Passage.

[14:31] - The perimeter of the base formed by the platform of the missing capstone = 2861 PI

[14:32] - The center axis of the Great Step is located 35.76 PI east of the vertical axis of the pyramid. 35.76 *8 = 286.08

[14:33] - The square base has a small depression halfway along each side of 35.76 PI deep. 35.76 * 8 = 286.08

SEVENTEEN and 153

[14:50] - The first four digits of DF (286.1022) add up to 17, the number of steps up to the entrance of the pyramid.

[14:51] - The sum of the digits from 1 to 17 = 153, a number which appears multiple times in the pyramid.

[14:52] - Jesus's public ministry lasted 918 days. (153 * 6)

[14:53] - The number of fish caught by Jesus's disciples was 153. {John 21}

[14:54] - The Grand Gallery is 153 feet long.

[14:55] - If the 17 steps up to the entrance were continued to the peak there would be 153 steps.

[14:56] - The center seam of the floor in the King's Chamber corresponds to March 4-5, 1945. The bombing of Hiroshima occurred 153 days later.

FIVES

[39:45] - There are 5 sides to a pyramid and 5 corners.

[39:45] - There are 5x5 pyramid inches in a Sacred Cubit.

[39:45] - The floor of the Queen's Chamber is on the 25th (5x5) course of blocks.

[39:45] - The floor of the King's Chamber is 5x5 courses higher than the Queen's Chamber.

[39:45] - The niche in the wall of the Queen's Chamber is 5x3 ft. high, it is corbelled with 5 stories, the top is 5x5 inches across, and the inner edge is 5x5 inches from the perpendicular center of the wall containing the niche.

[39:45] - The King's Chamber has 5 courses of stone in each of it's 4 walls, and a total of 5x5x4 total stones in it's walls.

[39:45] - The King's Chamber has 5 chambers above it.

[39:45] - The coffer in the King's Chamber has 5 solid sides.

[39:45] - The King's Chamber is 5x10 times the volume of the coffer.

[39:45] - 5 cubic pyramid inches of earth of average density has the same mass as 1/(50x50) of the coffer's volume of water at a temperature that is 1/5th the difference between freezing and boiling.

[39:45] - The coffer's interior volume is 50*50*50 cubic pyramid inches times 5.7, divided by 10. (5.7 is mean earth density)

SEVENS

The number 7 figures prominently in the Book of Revelation.

[39:88] - The height of the Grand Gallery is 7 times the average height of the other passages.

[39:88] - The Grand Gallery has 7 overlapping courses forming its sides.

[39:88] - The Jubilee passage is 1/7th the length of the horizontal passage to the Queen's Chamber.

[39:88] - The Queen's Chamber is a 7 sided room (gable roof is 2 sides)

[39:88] - The volume of the peaked area of the Queen's Chamber above the walls is 1/7th the volume of the rest of the chamber from the floor to a level equal to the ceiling of the passageway which enters the chamber.


SIMPSON PROPORTIONS OF KING's CHAMBER

[4:12] - If we use a "unit dimension" for the King's Chamber of 103.03 PI, which is the length of the granite portion of the floor in the Antechamber to the King's Chamber measured north to south and also the theoretical height of the missing capstone, then the dimensions of the King's Chamber exhibit some interesting relationships:

measure whose square is
width UD * 2 4
height UD * 223607 5
length UD * 4 16
end diagnonal UD * 3 9
floor diagonal UD * 4.472 20
side diagonal UD * 4.583 21
solid diagnonal UD * 5 25
sum of squares . 100



[70:184] - The square of UD = the area of the four external sides of the coffer.

[70:184] - One third of UD =