QUOTE(Leonardo @ Feb 6 2007, 01:03 AM) [snapback]1531471[/snapback]
I suppose the buzz-phrase in alternative fuels these days is 'carbon footprint'. I haven't researched how carbon-efficient the various technologies are, although I have read that steam power is notoriously carbon inefficient (I'm ready to stand corrected).
With electric cars it may seem carbon-efficient for the individual, however are we just shifting the carbon footprint to another area of the energy economy? To power (charge) these vehicles in quantity equivalent to todays' use of IC vehicles may require the construction or upgrading of power plants which will increase the overall emissions (although nuclear may offset this).
More thoughts from everyone about this?
Current alternative research is oriented towards building fuels usable in IC engines to replace oil, right? Consider that in the case of steam power, the fuel can be nearly anything that will burn. There are no currently available production IC engines that will even approach the 86% efficiency I previously mentioned, so it must be considered that if an auto could utilize the same or similar existing technology to reach that efficiency, it would be more carbon efficient, wouldn't it?
Secondly, electric cars don't necessarily need to be "plugged in". Toyota, some years ago, offered the RAV4 as a purely electric commuter. It has since been removed from the market. At least one of the owners of this vehicle has installed a solar array to charge batteries for the car, and never needs to plug the thing in. That is quite carbon efficient, since no fuel is used at all after the initial manufacture of the cells.
The biggest problem with electric propulsion is that range is limited. However, if a proper hybrid were manufactured, range could be dramatically increased, pollution held to a minimum, and overall efficiency driven way up...
Here's the reasoning: hybrid cars currently available use electric as an addition to IC power. None of these hybrids is (as a production model) capable of more than a few miles under electric power. This needs to be reversed, such that the IC is nothing more than a charging plant, and all propulsive power is from the electric. Those who object that electric motors can't put out enough power, I refer you to diesel-electric locomotives, in which ALL propulsive power is from the electrics. The diesel is part of a genset, and none of the diesel's mechanical output is diverted to the drive; that is all accomplished through traction motors. These locomotives pull millions of pounds of train and freight, still obtaining what must be considered incredible mileage compared to an auto.
With electrics, it is also possible to utilize various means of decreasing motor current requirements with varying conditions. One that comes to mind is to start the vehicle using a series would DC motor, and when underway changing the configuration to a parallel wound motor, requiring a smaller input to keep the vehicle moving. So during higher power requirement periods, the motor is used one way, and during lower requirements the other. This increases the overall efficiency, similar to switching off some of the cylinders of an IC engine.
Another method was developed at a motor manufacturing company in LA. A unique configuration of rotor-stator sets up the possibility of switching off a field (open field) during the time that part of the rotor is entering the stator field, thus decreasing the back emf of the motor. The larger problem with this aspect is that while back emf decreases, current requirements increase vs voltage requirements. Those who aren't familiar with dc motor design must understand that one of the things that occurs with these is that as the drive/speed increases, the capacity to act as a generator also increases back emf; this means that a higher voltage than apparent must be applied to increase the motor speed/power to overcome the increased back emf. The motor referred to removes much of the back emf problem, but at the cost of increased low speed current flow, and decreased voltage requirements. Put simply, the configuration makes the motor look more like a passive resistance and less like a reactive element.
There is a lot we could do if we really wanted to cut back on carbon fuels.