University of Chicago returns ancient Persian tablets loaned by Iran
http://www-news.uchicago.edu/releases/04/0...8.tablets.shtmlThe 300 tablets, made of clay and impressed in cuneiform, record administrative details of the Persian heartland from about 500 B.C. They are among a group of tens of thousands of tablets and tablet fragments that were loaned to the University’s Oriental Institute in 1937 to be studied. A group of 179 complete tablets was returned in 1948, and another group of more than 37,000 tablet fragments was returned in 1951.
The tablets have been difficult to read because information about the Persian Empire had been largely limited to non-Persian sources. That non-Persian information came from Greek writers such as Herodotus and Latin authors, and mostly concerns encounters between the Persian Empire and Greek states, encounters of warfare, and diplomacy. Information from the tablets provided one of the first opportunities to gather data on the empire from Persian sources.
“The Persian Empire was the largest and most durable empire of its time. The empire stretched from Ethiopia, through Egypt, to Greece, to Anatolia (modern Turkey), Central Asia and to India,†said Matthew Stolper, the John A. Wilson Professor at the Oriental Institute, an expert on ancient Iran.
In addition to administrative information on the empire and its governance, the texts also contain seal impressions that indicate the existence of some otherwise-unknown administrative offices. The texts identify for the first time leaders of various portions of the empire and expand on material in other non-Persian texts.
“Archaeologists were excited when they found the tablets because of their potential, but the information they contain has exceeded all our expectations,†Stolper said.
“These tablets function much like credit card receipts,†said Charles Jones, Research Associate and Librarian at the Oriental Institute and tablet expert. “They provide an incredibly rich amount of information.†The basic daily ration for an adult male worker was about one and a half quarts of barley and a half-quart of beer or wine. Many workers received two to five times as much. People of very high political or social status received many times more than that.
The tablets are representative of 30 categories of documents produced by a single branch of the Persian administration.
“The texts let us know where the workers came from. Many were from distant parts of the empire, from Babylonia, Syria, Egypt, Thrace (north of modern Greece) and from areas that are now part of Turkey as well as Afghanistan, areas that are now part of Pakistan, and Central Asia, †he said. The tablets date from the middle of the reign of Darius I, 509 B.C. to 494 B.C.
Cuneiform writing, the style used on the tablets, was developed to write Sumerian and Akkadian. It also was used to write other languages. One of those other languages was Elamite. People had been writing Elamite language texts in cuneiform since at least 2200 B.C. There are administrative texts in Elamite from about 1000 B.C.
http://www.iranian.com/History/2004/May/Tablets/index.htmlhttp://oi.uchicago.edu/research/pubs/catalog/oip/oip92.htmlThe enrolled tablets of Tartaria (located in 1961 in the transilvana locality homónima), were considered by their discoverer (N. Vlassa) an indication of a sacrificial rite. More ahead one thought that they could have a connection with the first examples of mesopotámica writing. But this hypothetical relation is improbable, considering that the Rumanian tablets precede to sumerias in millenia! (These are not the only found rest of calcolítica pre-writing to date: it nótese the “Gradesnica plateâ€, dated between the 4000 and the 5000 aC.)
A thing is clear: the enrolled plates of the call “Vinca culture†of the Balkan Mountains, between which we found the plates of Gradesnica and the mentioned tablet of Tartaria, seem to have a religious meaning, noneconomic (as sumeria is the case of the writing), like the first examples of Chinese writing on bone or tortoise shells. Like these last ones, they could express ceremonial oráculos or messages.
Some students exist who have related these signs to others distributed by the Mediterranean. The egiptólogo Flinders Petrie (1853-1942) got to propose that these could constitute one “lingua frank†of the Mediterranean surroundings, and that (given its formal similarities) could be behind the invention of the first ideográfica writing in the Next East.
Marco Merlini (Italy)
Inscriptions and messages of the Balkan-Danube script
to semiotic approach
Daniela author Bulgarelli is the of the paintings appearing on the study. Images and text plows “Copyright© 2002 Global The Prehistory Consortium AT EURO INNOVANET - www.prehistory.it. All rights reserved World Wide. May not be reproduced without permissionâ€.
(part1) (part2) (part3) (part4) (part 5 and Essential Bibliographic References)
2. Characteristics of the signs of which the script composed
2.a technical The analysis of Winn (1981) there are shown how the individual signs of which the Balkan-Danube script was composed plows easily identifiable. To few have out in a been traced clear-cut to manner, follow needs standard shapes and have well defined outlines. Others plows carelessly made, have less certain silhouettes and plows poorly marked, follow to their model with difficulty and plows superposed by lines resembling ligatures. The information which each one of these actually communicated was, to however, to specific one and had to univocal meaning. The signs of the proto-European script, when compared to to other archaic writings, plows characterised by to high degree of stylisation and by having to rectilinear shape, due to the need of to their being incised mechanically onto terracotta by means of to pointed stone or bone.
2.b. According to Gimbutas (1991), the ancient European script consisted of about thirty Core signs which were originally abstract and arbitrary or had gradually become under (V,/\, X, M, and, N, cross, triangle, lozenge, zigzag, spiral, square…), while the rest of the script consists of derivative signs (formed by adding one, two, or three lines to the Core signs, or by duplicating or inverting two or dwells Core signs). According to Haarmann's inventory (1995) there were 10 individual BASIC signs that created new signs by undergoing simple or complex variations, and to another 131 which remained unaltered. These root-signs express most of the BASIC geometric forms and until they continued to be used the classical Greek period.